tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-81598456050920186612024-03-05T13:10:19.157-08:00Lever Lepep! Know thy truth!Shocking truth, Student help, stuffs around the island,...khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.comBlogger107125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-72782324396880078122017-09-17T02:40:00.002-07:002017-09-17T02:44:43.543-07:00Error 1704: An installation of microsoft office is currently suspended [Solved] <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
This can happen for any software, not only for MS Office.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="background-color: red; font-size: large;">Reason:</span></b><br />
While installing the program, here it is Office, the installation was interrupted, either by removing the installation CD, or there was a power-cut, or for any other reason.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="background-color: red; font-size: large;">Technical reason:</span></b><br />
The installation has 'locked' MSI (Microsoft Installer).<br />
<br />
<b><span style="background-color: red; font-size: large;">Rapid Solution:</span></b><br />
I downloaded and installed a program named 7zip from here: <a href="http://www.7-zip.org/a/7z1701.msi">http://www.7-zip.org/a/7z1701.msi</a><br />
<br />
You will get the error message<span style="color: #45818e;"> </span><span style="color: red;">"</span><i><span style="color: red;">Error 1704: An installation of microsoft office is currently suspended"</span><span style="color: #0c343d;"> </span></i>again. This time, click on <b><span style="color: yellow;">Yes</span> </b>and finish the installation of 7zip.<br />
<br />
After installation is complete, proceed to the installation of Microsoft Office. Tada! </div>
khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-44122345983981806432017-06-29T08:44:00.000-07:002017-06-29T08:44:14.148-07:00EMERGENCY PHONE NUMBERS poster for Mauritius<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Print it, plastify it, stick it to your wall!<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfGjRQMUUCvlwe02foeTU-F-HFI3Jc1G7epRZ0JyEMWZXUExRUcb5W_olLnP5Jv5oWcDtAwl5cWG1KP5QjqUK73AtG_48wH6ItGd_qria5k6kKjhe9BeZaDRqwnuD0jlbi1CfV-c7sQhI/s1600/emergency+numbers+general.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfGjRQMUUCvlwe02foeTU-F-HFI3Jc1G7epRZ0JyEMWZXUExRUcb5W_olLnP5Jv5oWcDtAwl5cWG1KP5QjqUK73AtG_48wH6ItGd_qria5k6kKjhe9BeZaDRqwnuD0jlbi1CfV-c7sQhI/s1600/emergency+numbers+general.png" /></a></div>
khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-47481641355953010872017-06-02T09:41:00.000-07:002017-06-02T09:41:40.771-07:00How To Close your laptop lid and make your television a second screen <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: yellow; font-size: large;">Follow steps below. If not working, see last paragraph for possible solutions.</span></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Step 1: </b>Go to your taskbar, locate the battery icon, and click it.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHAOwpIgTrQ71QkvBmWyvSjxsKMq14pjcMkyAsAtv22UpzPSVjLS2yEtOWSsiA-cFjXbettqSfFEL-agNF88PyBiy4Ad8c-d8_ZsLJrG_R1qSITFDLnn8e8x3rZc6k9WWKP5F9XinYMHY/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHAOwpIgTrQ71QkvBmWyvSjxsKMq14pjcMkyAsAtv22UpzPSVjLS2yEtOWSsiA-cFjXbettqSfFEL-agNF88PyBiy4Ad8c-d8_ZsLJrG_R1qSITFDLnn8e8x3rZc6k9WWKP5F9XinYMHY/s200/1.png" width="200" /></a><br />
<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Step 2: </b>Click on "More power options"<br />
<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZNYzpWbpI6RfI6R2H15T5yooGM_AKDNpeoyYCU1x1QDamuZmLTurWs3Ui5dPsMpDO3f3pmPLIMe8KeMsR11BN2f13vmJvn6ztMS4hokBeUyGzQqRAuxjejR38YCLpTMpr6s2xYLoJgxE/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZNYzpWbpI6RfI6R2H15T5yooGM_AKDNpeoyYCU1x1QDamuZmLTurWs3Ui5dPsMpDO3f3pmPLIMe8KeMsR11BN2f13vmJvn6ztMS4hokBeUyGzQqRAuxjejR38YCLpTMpr6s2xYLoJgxE/s400/2.png" /></a></b><br />
<br />
<b>Step 3: </b>On the window that has opened, on the left, click on "Choose what closing the lid does"<br />
<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPRi3Pr2fhbP6rvTHqFi0oNvSQjhP8K-C_klkJepNVjZWOfYkpz0fmfufEJdjTZaILj41I0fPLgVAw7GYNkfU-DvPpeWJPUq18o_br4WZz6Rq76Z_oL5bUdLelTiETmVrQLNL3HqEt5X0/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPRi3Pr2fhbP6rvTHqFi0oNvSQjhP8K-C_klkJepNVjZWOfYkpz0fmfufEJdjTZaILj41I0fPLgVAw7GYNkfU-DvPpeWJPUq18o_br4WZz6Rq76Z_oL5bUdLelTiETmVrQLNL3HqEt5X0/s640/3.png" width="640" /></a></b><br />
<br />
<b>Step 4: </b>Locate the "When I close the lid" and select the options "Do nothing" for both On battery and Plugged in. Save the settings.<br />
<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlYrB_Np8uQgIk73j3BBRwSS2lc173Lo7K8HFgmBDrUJa0cf6looiq4WDijyKbxnx_zhOfQCDREn0x9IaYsucOjSfZY8EHGrWuMS-fOCIkInLXv0MMJf9JUJ_SOJ2Xd7ThcaNSEf13tL8/s1600/4.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlYrB_Np8uQgIk73j3BBRwSS2lc173Lo7K8HFgmBDrUJa0cf6looiq4WDijyKbxnx_zhOfQCDREn0x9IaYsucOjSfZY8EHGrWuMS-fOCIkInLXv0MMJf9JUJ_SOJ2Xd7ThcaNSEf13tL8/s640/4.png" width="640" /></a></b><br />
<br />
<b>Step 5: </b>Go to your desktop, right-click, select "Screen resolution"<br />
<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPTHAroiCnR5KKvc5GpEuQDZhIMN7fMIyWbe-oANsVuYUMZpxrA6cJYUQcfA84KdZYogcNYDV7duKxNdmAcmYepr-dQ6cx219kH0KFSsNo0-hMuaDmIqL8VZQWPRXEDeqAJd34kLBNSR4/s1600/5.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPTHAroiCnR5KKvc5GpEuQDZhIMN7fMIyWbe-oANsVuYUMZpxrA6cJYUQcfA84KdZYogcNYDV7duKxNdmAcmYepr-dQ6cx219kH0KFSsNo0-hMuaDmIqL8VZQWPRXEDeqAJd34kLBNSR4/s400/5.png" /></a></b><br />
<br />
<b>Step 6: </b>Your t.v should already be connected to your laptop.<b> </b>Choose all the configurations below and click OK. Now close your laptop lid and enjoy.<br />
<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDVqS4EPGxKpBlzMZpiHe2BPRGvlX-SubICAjO7ZRAJNGZ1DVGJ0F0jT2869bmI1kfYaBBTxndmxRTyu-x1KmpAZ5gN3RDgWuGDYO7PfcG-Vk06sfs-jQJjO6WjGSjtIWtK8BkI1o83IM/s1600/6.PNG" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDVqS4EPGxKpBlzMZpiHe2BPRGvlX-SubICAjO7ZRAJNGZ1DVGJ0F0jT2869bmI1kfYaBBTxndmxRTyu-x1KmpAZ5gN3RDgWuGDYO7PfcG-Vk06sfs-jQJjO6WjGSjtIWtK8BkI1o83IM/s1600/6.PNG" /></a></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: red;">HELP! When I close the lid of the laptop, the tv or external screen does not work.</span></b><br />
Possible cause: If on the Screen Resolution page you see a third screen, select "Remove this display" on the Multiple displays option. Then apply the configurations above.<br />
<br /></div>
khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-10269677177906225822017-05-16T07:02:00.002-07:002017-05-16T07:02:28.585-07:00Protect your Windows 8, XP SP3, Vista, Server 2008 against WannaCry ransomware<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://msdnshared.blob.core.windows.net/media/2016/05/R_consumer4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="178" src="https://msdnshared.blob.core.windows.net/media/2016/05/R_consumer4.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From blogs.technet.microsoft.com</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<b>Short note:</b> The WannaCry ransomware attack is an ongoing cyberattack of the WannaCry (or WannaCrypt, WanaCrypt0r 2.0, Wanna Decryptor) ransomware computer worm targeting the Microsoft Windows operating system. The attack started on Friday, 12 May 2017, infecting more than 230,000 computers in 150 countries, with the software demanding ransom payments in the cryptocurrency bitcoin in 28 languages. The attack has been described by Europol as unprecedented in scale. - From Wikipedia<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>How to protect your Windows:</b><br />
<br />
Download & Install the patch, depending on your Windows version, from <a href="http://www.catalog.update.microsoft.com/Search.aspx?q=KB4012598">http://www.catalog.update.microsoft.com/Search.aspx?q=KB4012598</a><br />
<br />
This patch is also called <b>MS17-010</b> or <b>KB4012598.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<br /></div>
khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-30270922836597420692017-01-29T09:44:00.000-08:002017-01-29T09:44:14.874-08:00Self Driving Car - A list of future threats<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfx1aYtVcQi4C1utAeu6_IpaX7Ylb2vmaHuc8y6BziH5JWycZLbvenv2mvG9qd0R4Cl_ZLvFg-1RA1_FroPAvUU2DuFFBb-DOeLJ5HIiAIFibG-gxKR4UpD63XNfhH0UoMZf0lvMx7jxg/s1600/hyundai_wideweb__470x311%252C0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfx1aYtVcQi4C1utAeu6_IpaX7Ylb2vmaHuc8y6BziH5JWycZLbvenv2mvG9qd0R4Cl_ZLvFg-1RA1_FroPAvUU2DuFFBb-DOeLJ5HIiAIFibG-gxKR4UpD63XNfhH0UoMZf0lvMx7jxg/s320/hyundai_wideweb__470x311%252C0.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
The algorithm used to control the vehicle will surely respond to an object, either stationary or moving, in front of the vehicle.<br />
<br />
Now in Mauritius, as innovative as the thieves are, they will surely realise that the self driving car will stop when there is an object in the front of the vehicle.<br />
<br />
It is not yet known if someone holding a valid driving licence must be present at all times when the self driving car is in use. But anyways, the passengers will most of the time NOT be alert. They will be in a relaxed posture, looking at scenery, and letting the software do the driving. They could even fall asleep, watch a film and so on.<br />
<br />
<b>Scenario 1</b>: It's already past 10 p.m. The passenger is tired from work and relaxing in his car, unguarded to the dangers of the road as he puts his trust in the software. A '<b>malin</b>' (kuyon) is standing on the road with a weapon (could even just be a piece of rock to break a window). The road has 2 lanes, aler-vini. The malin puts a water storage container (drome in kreole) on both sides of the road. The car sensors' would have already detected the object from a distance and thus slow down gradually to come to a stop. Whether there is a beep or alarm when the car is stopping is unknown, and whether a usual passenger can deactivate the beep or alarm is also unknown. So, the malin just has to wait for the car to stop automatically to hijack the car. But would a conscious human driver stop the car, pull back rapidly when he sees the objects on both sides of the road, or break through the objects? This could be the turning point where the artificial intelligence fails.</div>
khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-42912514955400969682017-01-25T08:32:00.003-08:002017-01-25T08:34:38.121-08:00Mauritian Proverbs<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Proverbs</b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">- Tou dipain rasi ena so fromaz gater</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">- Dans bois ki ena dibois</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">- Pas kav tou kou mem kou</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">- Galant colon</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">- To zeter to tacer</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">- Maryer piker</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">- Tir bal dans foss</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">- La tisane apre la mort</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">- Sap dans caray tomb dans difer</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">- Malher pena loder</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">- <span style="background-color: white;">Fer saki mo dir, pa fer saki mo fer.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">- La lang na pena lezo</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">- Met 2 roupi son</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">- Grater senti</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">~ Feel free to add more in comments ~</span></h3>
<br /></div>
khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-80125406170100190082016-02-20T06:41:00.003-08:002017-12-02T19:10:00.912-08:00Places to visit in Mauritius: Pamplemousses Garden [SSR Botanical Garden]<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe8SlvqNdtUJlq4Mx7nxrsITY5GoR2s1Ulakn20ZQELCehX_kU9fZUTkPl0LHOIKceATi2s9Ic0tZk-LDaBwELV5yAbEEtCy5xugz9Gq_CIo67-_M0H3-D00CUPWxfNvUszMxZ4Y_SCsY/s1600/9.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe8SlvqNdtUJlq4Mx7nxrsITY5GoR2s1Ulakn20ZQELCehX_kU9fZUTkPl0LHOIKceATi2s9Ic0tZk-LDaBwELV5yAbEEtCy5xugz9Gq_CIo67-_M0H3-D00CUPWxfNvUszMxZ4Y_SCsY/s640/9.png" width="640" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif1ZkoreBn4XYdczwXaY586VeuaB6BvkbpxbNoH1bstyB9QEcQfkmdvXjnDfTgMAQn89o0kyDCjUwnUXv5mnYRZ61LvFbVI-Qqn8VLw6-qMv6eu4XEcTrhBqcQBbcnemdohpaAiFVFMbs/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif1ZkoreBn4XYdczwXaY586VeuaB6BvkbpxbNoH1bstyB9QEcQfkmdvXjnDfTgMAQn89o0kyDCjUwnUXv5mnYRZ61LvFbVI-Qqn8VLw6-qMv6eu4XEcTrhBqcQBbcnemdohpaAiFVFMbs/s640/3.png" width="640" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXVMWMswnjJQAxD0hMH8y2Vnrm9qYg60hzuBzbjDznhyVPeYuAynh2doAVz38NW3DsK1bowtXz0nxawyp1QcT15YcpicUK2IM3tcHbH1BdpH68h0Prbs8xlyz0vqCbIoLL2FOSkz801Ts/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXVMWMswnjJQAxD0hMH8y2Vnrm9qYg60hzuBzbjDznhyVPeYuAynh2doAVz38NW3DsK1bowtXz0nxawyp1QcT15YcpicUK2IM3tcHbH1BdpH68h0Prbs8xlyz0vqCbIoLL2FOSkz801Ts/s640/2.png" width="640" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgutOOJs9xT0g73-dIIx3BB0TrbQ526WBwvEq7vGqjniewVxNcFG9afwWXR4dcn4yLxgbAlXmqNY0JvX5VLFMJpEj97XhzNdALnbU_htiknwmWMRihlOCzk0hjhYfAQiyBK70RoFU-Y5tw/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgutOOJs9xT0g73-dIIx3BB0TrbQ526WBwvEq7vGqjniewVxNcFG9afwWXR4dcn4yLxgbAlXmqNY0JvX5VLFMJpEj97XhzNdALnbU_htiknwmWMRihlOCzk0hjhYfAQiyBK70RoFU-Y5tw/s320/1.png" width="320" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPDMYEwmKQqWhu1bCp-DCsvIGH525L-ZVO8bYooiNBurfgzNCl0Gq3D-vMefmxWm7dMlmEWg6OVMSRexqdkTAHaA65Pa-sxzJi7fJj7t6962sfAkBT1o0cZaL7aHvKhKVNR6k3-nIiQLU/s1600/6.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPDMYEwmKQqWhu1bCp-DCsvIGH525L-ZVO8bYooiNBurfgzNCl0Gq3D-vMefmxWm7dMlmEWg6OVMSRexqdkTAHaA65Pa-sxzJi7fJj7t6962sfAkBT1o0cZaL7aHvKhKVNR6k3-nIiQLU/s640/6.png" width="360" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRpvuUE55_AaymtLW7GAhL99-Vy6CMZp4I3Akua4w8fQXZAxvVBMeEc2x81JkZmb6LRJXxiDbCRO4aouKB4-QRInCrCdQW5jL-U4byuSUbHFtgErcxa4vzedX6HRsYb8Nh-L0GXfQQi-I/s1600/8.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRpvuUE55_AaymtLW7GAhL99-Vy6CMZp4I3Akua4w8fQXZAxvVBMeEc2x81JkZmb6LRJXxiDbCRO4aouKB4-QRInCrCdQW5jL-U4byuSUbHFtgErcxa4vzedX6HRsYb8Nh-L0GXfQQi-I/s320/8.png" width="320" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWRfSH0JATwIOSpZHcK0N8F7EMtzazjBT4d242Y7czLYnaUwTr74EVcIqrOqGKgpfqpsEEgtJq4OzKCjM4EdgDIbFQBq3o-6LZXteMt_2h2l8uEwoKzAIkQyFB0cbzcx4vdvkVLdvGg9k/s1600/pamp4.png" imageanchor="1"><br /><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWRfSH0JATwIOSpZHcK0N8F7EMtzazjBT4d242Y7czLYnaUwTr74EVcIqrOqGKgpfqpsEEgtJq4OzKCjM4EdgDIbFQBq3o-6LZXteMt_2h2l8uEwoKzAIkQyFB0cbzcx4vdvkVLdvGg9k/s640/pamp4.png" width="640" /></a><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Talipot</td></tr>
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khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com0Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Botanical Garden, Pamplemousses, Mauritius-20.107201 57.579299999999989-45.6292355 16.27070599999999 5.4148335 98.887893999999989tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-85295332895925630262016-01-16T04:50:00.001-08:002016-01-16T04:50:27.753-08:00Places to visit in Mauritius: Botanic Garden, Curepipe<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Places to visit in Mauritius: Curepipe Botanic Garden, Curepipe, Mauritius</b><br />
<b><a href="http://leverlepep.blogspot.com/search/label/places%20to%20visit" target="_blank">See other places</a></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYmX3aDMXN-ywJad8ZHklfVnKKCzO0igSutxr3nIsxND8_CXmgEkBpogAvcA0a5so6wcUncRfCcELGN_N3Q3lX7veg3FjRvORyPBvaGcyB7HtGO28TaklLyV1ZyaC5g62Ro-PBOJ3w7Z8/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYmX3aDMXN-ywJad8ZHklfVnKKCzO0igSutxr3nIsxND8_CXmgEkBpogAvcA0a5so6wcUncRfCcELGN_N3Q3lX7veg3FjRvORyPBvaGcyB7HtGO28TaklLyV1ZyaC5g62Ro-PBOJ3w7Z8/s640/3.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7LtMtvipIpQ6_2ZIlqMYrPCXaEvbVkNpIDYesoa-iPNL6sHJqU2CEZ1i8TtymRBTNneddHZ9ujElUYLLvCruvZe3z3mhZa4Xt75_5hNR08OC2ceYXQCs_0xkUCUbHkyD41HHDbXiYno/s1600/4.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim7LtMtvipIpQ6_2ZIlqMYrPCXaEvbVkNpIDYesoa-iPNL6sHJqU2CEZ1i8TtymRBTNneddHZ9ujElUYLLvCruvZe3z3mhZa4Xt75_5hNR08OC2ceYXQCs_0xkUCUbHkyD41HHDbXiYno/s640/4.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com0Curepipe Botanic Garden, Curepipe, Mauritius-20.3242612 57.514004500000055-20.383823699999997 57.433323500000057 -20.2646987 57.594685500000054tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-48560345055224131822016-01-16T04:35:00.000-08:002016-01-16T04:51:06.587-08:00Photos of Trou aux Cerfs Volcano, Mauritius<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Places to visit in Mauritius: Trou aux Cerfs Volcano, Curepipe</b><br />
<b><a href="http://leverlepep.blogspot.com/search/label/places%20to%20visit" target="_blank">See other places</a></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh08p1F0ECam5EQjIOGNOziKLz-DEipbSRPrJAa4AXf2FQApPjzXAcj2kUcRaX6ifK8c-nyQ-PIwYDc1I2OB-3Q75uV0U_MqSQ3kGcESQXAbdkth88-u65doitTF_CdvskoQ1NfOHQxfYM/s1600/trou+aux+cerfs+1.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh08p1F0ECam5EQjIOGNOziKLz-DEipbSRPrJAa4AXf2FQApPjzXAcj2kUcRaX6ifK8c-nyQ-PIwYDc1I2OB-3Q75uV0U_MqSQ3kGcESQXAbdkth88-u65doitTF_CdvskoQ1NfOHQxfYM/s640/trou+aux+cerfs+1.png" width="640" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZRfKEKadHAHD6D8qU6z2pXAqF28DM4SU0aqxwCsl-z7LP7_GhpTVxzecfyN5JLrIHUr_APaZO-BtOhpGM9LNWe_XLKxJ5w50tvhn2cN8Udjfbf5hpDoPFqVjmj0fMJhL-Ej_CptMF3wI/s1600/trou+aux+cerfs+2.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZRfKEKadHAHD6D8qU6z2pXAqF28DM4SU0aqxwCsl-z7LP7_GhpTVxzecfyN5JLrIHUr_APaZO-BtOhpGM9LNWe_XLKxJ5w50tvhn2cN8Udjfbf5hpDoPFqVjmj0fMJhL-Ej_CptMF3wI/s640/trou+aux+cerfs+2.png" width="640" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3N4pnJWMZFrxhp5LHoQDKhVDlNglxYdL6BmI3YCiOM0rZ68AduxG2rNK8b9zssP67bRlpPb3tV2piYnusiTH4prll8Oy8OD2Sj_a7lyWc9ccq0gvTQZ6JJEQ9YqK_0OMqN5gss0CI_Cs/s1600/trou+aux+cerfs+4.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3N4pnJWMZFrxhp5LHoQDKhVDlNglxYdL6BmI3YCiOM0rZ68AduxG2rNK8b9zssP67bRlpPb3tV2piYnusiTH4prll8Oy8OD2Sj_a7lyWc9ccq0gvTQZ6JJEQ9YqK_0OMqN5gss0CI_Cs/s400/trou+aux+cerfs+4.png" width="360" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixr2vejIken0RXhYFqbLLcK6_Q_M-1E8q1AYIfss5gFvplX4AdOHFIZx80Aj4h6qcyqHXVo3KsZ6aq0lvF6VpzOFS7dye_nuleeZ8qq8E8WbzZslt-JHhWbjrpP9839CARlQoijQsRgCU/s1600/trou+aux+cerfs+3.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixr2vejIken0RXhYFqbLLcK6_Q_M-1E8q1AYIfss5gFvplX4AdOHFIZx80Aj4h6qcyqHXVo3KsZ6aq0lvF6VpzOFS7dye_nuleeZ8qq8E8WbzZslt-JHhWbjrpP9839CARlQoijQsRgCU/s640/trou+aux+cerfs+3.png" width="640" /></a></div>
khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com0Trou aux Cerfs, Curepipe, Mauritius-20.3179266 57.511507299999948-45.8399611 16.202913299999949 5.2041079 98.820101299999948tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-21855268962365737052015-01-07T01:36:00.000-08:002015-01-07T02:11:41.944-08:00Manu, Noah, Nûḥ, Hinduism, Bible, Islam, ALL THE SAME<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Hinduism</b>:<br />
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<a href="http://www.indianminiaturepaintings.co.uk/Jaipur_Manu_&_rishis_380-231111_1200w.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.indianminiaturepaintings.co.uk/Jaipur_Manu_&_rishis_380-231111_1200w.jpg" height="200" width="163" /></a></div>
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He(Manu) was warned of the flood by the Matsya avatar of Vishnu, and built a boat that carried his family and the seven sages to safety.<br />
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<b> Bible:</b><br />
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God gives Noah detailed instructions for building the ark. <b>Noah's Ark</b> (Hebrew: <span dir="rtl" lang="he" xml:lang="he">תיבת נח</span>; Biblical Hebrew: <i>Tevat Noaḥ</i>) is the vessel in the Genesis flood narrative (Genesis chapters 6–9) by which God saves Noah, his family, and a remnant of all the world's animals from the flood.<br />
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<b>Islam:</b><br />
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<a href="http://www.crystalinks.com/dovenoah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.crystalinks.com/dovenoah.jpg" height="200" width="150" /></a></div>
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<b>Nûḥ</b> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" xml:lang="ar">نوح</span>, translit.: <i>Nūḥ</i>),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dictionary_of_Islam_1-1">[1]</sup> known as <b>Noah</b> in the Old Testament, is recognized in Islam as a prophet and apostle of God (Arabic: <span dir="rtl" lang="ar" xml:lang="ar">الله</span> <i>Allāh</i>). Thereupon, God decreed that a terrible flood would cover the whole earth and He ordered Noah to build an Ark which would save him and the believers from this dreadful calamity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18">[18]</sup> Ever obedient to God's instructions, Noah went out in search of material with which to build the vessel. (In the days of old), Noah cried to Us, and We are the best to hear prayer.</div>
<blockquote class="templatequote">
And We delivered him and his people from the Great Calamity,<br />
And made his progeny to endure (on this earth);<br />
And We left (this blessing) for him among generations to come in later times:<br />
"Peace and salutation to Noah among the nations!"
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<div class="templatequotecite">
—Qur'an sura 37 (As-Saaffat) ayat 75-79"</div>
</blockquote>
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And also in sura 3 (Al-i-Imran) ayah 33, it states: "Allah did choose Adam and Noah, the family of Abraham, and the family of 'Imran above all people,-"</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">CONCLUSION</span></b></div>
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All this is to prove that all the religions, at their purest level, are ONE. Different places different languages, but only one preaching: reach Godhead through love, compassion, hence; vegetarianism/veganism.</div>
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khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-47248106696151487022014-12-18T02:22:00.000-08:002014-12-18T02:22:28.518-08:00Disappointment at Mare aux Vacoas<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxc2shQ5d0H8F7uKHj4zkqgOA3vmKuoAeWM84e6hq3cU5sC6zVPOrUGqojMiVRvm_SA8j4V_yryBnPKtVqlM2_PKxEB0ljaj5mBr9-oEJorYvIIwCUeH0W17WSViESJv1dSd-Yptt0j1M/s1600/mareo3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxc2shQ5d0H8F7uKHj4zkqgOA3vmKuoAeWM84e6hq3cU5sC6zVPOrUGqojMiVRvm_SA8j4V_yryBnPKtVqlM2_PKxEB0ljaj5mBr9-oEJorYvIIwCUeH0W17WSViESJv1dSd-Yptt0j1M/s1600/mareo3.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a>Holidays. Fresh air. Mare aux vacoas. This ideology is no more after visiting it today. Some bloody people threw their shit there. No more fresh air. I hope the moutouks and disease giving mosquitoes enter straight in these persons' house and give them bad illness.<br />
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khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-32097816331384320162014-10-08T05:02:00.000-07:002014-10-08T05:02:10.193-07:00Vegan Milkshake!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Perfect for this summer!<br />
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<b>Ingredients for 1 glass:</b><br />
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Soy-milk*3/4 of the glass)<br />
Half teaspoon cocoa powder<br />
2 and a half teaspoon sugar<br />
2 teaspoon vanilla<br />
Optional: banana<br />
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<b>Preparation:</b><br />
Mix all in a blender! When transferring to the glass, pour it from a high height to achieve creamy effect!<br />
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khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-24331223885701163532014-07-04T06:17:00.000-07:002014-07-04T06:18:37.018-07:00The first Veganism Campaign to be set.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hello folks. As vegans we don't need to introduce why we will be doing this campaign. Your contribution is essential for its success.<br />
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Campaigns on the other side of the world have proven to be effective. Materials such as pamphlets, advertising and so on have been used. I'm planning to use pamphlets for a start. Finance & Time. That is needed from you. Each rupee counts. Thank you. </div>
khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-91744913613946317632014-06-30T01:59:00.001-07:002014-06-30T01:59:56.893-07:00Vegan Breakfast with Mash Potatoes, Beans, Sausages and Vegetable "Fish Fingers"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Super charged vegan breakfast! This one gonna give you lots of energy, proteins and whatever good stuff you can think about.<br />
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<b>Ingredients:</b><br />
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Potatoes</li>
<li>Red Beans</li>
<li>Vegan Sausages</li>
<li>Vegetable Fish Fingers</li>
</ul>
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<b>Cooking instructions:</b><br />
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Make mashed potatoes (Just boil them). Then fry some dry red chili and add to the mash potatoes with its oil. </li>
<li>Cook the red beans with tomato ketchup.</li>
<li>Deep fry the sausages and vegetable fish fingers.</li>
</ul>
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khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-48762257093071114652014-06-29T02:53:00.000-07:002014-06-29T02:54:49.931-07:00Vegan Tofu & Vegetables (Roast Chicken taste)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK6TYov_Jek5bdvym-v-0GhXi3u5oRfXFaMLXKlyFgzfrkKY3HT_LqTfqbJCjVEvoQHgAjw31NX_k2Ti5O7NzZ8HB8aNc86zoZMF-fWl9NbPf7qBrgqD94H6s8oZQxahyphenhyphend21BLQRR2ybU/s1600/rotivegan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK6TYov_Jek5bdvym-v-0GhXi3u5oRfXFaMLXKlyFgzfrkKY3HT_LqTfqbJCjVEvoQHgAjw31NX_k2Ti5O7NzZ8HB8aNc86zoZMF-fWl9NbPf7qBrgqD94H6s8oZQxahyphenhyphend21BLQRR2ybU/s1600/rotivegan.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
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Very nourishing and taste just like roast chicken!<br />
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Can be flame grilled or oven cooked.<br />
<div class="ERSSectionHead">
<b><br /></b>
<b>Marinade</b></div>
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<ul>
<li class="ingredient" itemprop="ingredients">chopped fresh cilantro</li>
<li class="ingredient" itemprop="ingredients">ginger, minced</li>
<li class="ingredient" itemprop="ingredients">1 garlic clove, chopped</li>
<li class="ingredient" itemprop="ingredients">1 large lime, squeezed of juice</li>
<li class="ingredient" itemprop="ingredients">3 tablespoons soy sauce</li>
</ul>
<div>
<div class="ERSSectionHead">
<b>Vegetables</b></div>
<ul>
<li class="ingredient" itemprop="ingredients">dried mushrooms</li>
<li class="ingredient" itemprop="ingredients">pepper, cut into large chunks</li>
<li class="ingredient" itemprop="ingredients">tomatoes</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<b>- Combine all the marinade ingredients in a food processor and process until smooth.</b></div>
<div>
<b>- Pour marinade over tofu and refrigerate for 30 minutes or more.</b></div>
<div>
- <b>Place tofu and vegetables on flame or oven. </b></div>
<div>
<b>- Cook until golden.</b></div>
<div>
<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
<b>Best eaten with French bread. </b></div>
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khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-43910552898391541842014-06-21T06:53:00.001-07:002014-06-21T06:53:45.543-07:00No to Biometric <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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For those that have not been following the updates, there are dedicated people trying their best to save us from this violation of freedom and stop us from being products which will probably be sold to companies.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Important points discussed:</span><br />
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Elders are being forced to get this shit else they won't get pension.<br />
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Students won't be allowed to go abroad for studies until they get it.<br />
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There are manipulative people, putting fear among Mauritian people, that, if they don't take their new ID card, they will have a maximum of 5 years prison time and Rs100000 to pay.<br />
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No information has been given whether any member of the ruling party has given their fingerprints.<br />
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There was a previous case where the government was proven to be in illegality to store the fingerprints in a database, until the night before the going to court, they brought a simple paper declaring that it is now legal to do so and all the previous fingerprints collected should not be deemed as illegal.<br />
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There has been a conspiracy going on in the parliament. They [people amending and creating laws] gradually implement new laws or amended them over time, so that no one really knows the big picture, i.e., after all their desired laws have been implemented, then it will allow them to bypass laws which restricted them from taking our fingerprints.<br />
<br />
Instead of fighting for our liberty, the opposition only planning to join hands with the ruling party. The minister of finance, who has our economy in his hands just went away to be the opposition leader. But the fault surely is by the people as they placed them in the parliament. The govt has encircled you in tax, now it will know where you are at every moment, with whom, via facial recognition.<br />
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Imagine tomorrow, your fingerprints are found on the scene of crime where you were not even present at that time. They take the fingerprints there. They track you down. And you have no alibi. You are fcuked.<br />
Imagine your private data such as what you consume, where you buy your stuff, being sold to companies. The latter will manipulate you into buying more shit.<br />
Imagine going to an event which is against the agenda of the government. They track you down via facial recognition system and mark you as blacklisted.<br />
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Know what you're getting into. It's not too late for those who have already given their freedom, i.e, their fingerprints away. Join us and legally we will make them change their agenda.</div>
khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-90299946618871722282014-06-08T04:21:00.000-07:002014-06-08T04:21:34.918-07:00Calculate your Negative Karma Points!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://leverlepep.netne.net/karma.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">Click to start.</span></a></div>
khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-79360737393013750832014-04-18T07:35:00.003-07:002014-04-18T07:38:47.406-07:00SELECT SSADM : Step by step guide with screenshot how to use it.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirneDLu-0xXtGDD9q8tU1smkQxZGRrsHb4lHjOubMC5mQYz9Idy4NwUxYr6WZ9K3Lqm0kTjRldQ55pNEsh7bYRAN4-_1-ncrM4WWSx8g9Juhd427uU5DqBWAFcjojAcwtIuefTSgCH3_U/s1600/24.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirneDLu-0xXtGDD9q8tU1smkQxZGRrsHb4lHjOubMC5mQYz9Idy4NwUxYr6WZ9K3Lqm0kTjRldQ55pNEsh7bYRAN4-_1-ncrM4WWSx8g9Juhd427uU5DqBWAFcjojAcwtIuefTSgCH3_U/s1600/24.png" /></a></div>
SELECT SSADM is used by, not many engineers, to primarily design databases. Its most common purpose is creating the LOGICAL DATA STRUCTURE and PHYSICAL DATA MODEL.<br />
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You are presented with this first window: Let us now design our new database.<br />
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Click on Project>New</div>
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You get this:</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVX6QqZZbH2LqdgFM5eRE4QmJiJVnM3V58apO-QNCYYIYXXWifpR_xKA3wcvIMzu2RD3g7EEGBob6KqC-BVvpIQ8BAtQsLtbQbiQnyFs91FMgY-5DJKdmUC7T64z9rwhkazixpcCJXNRA/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><br /></a>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9U63h2rpyeXN3yKwEeqVV3DKVHREQHmwEzBnfpvJ5pHX-25N4XKAuc1MY7uvfBfU4FXsPH9pNE9y31l0kcNUASKeWNinbm4dGBYSQfJIsyuppoiyfz3-f8d2042ElNPQl8bviCytPyJc/s1600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9U63h2rpyeXN3yKwEeqVV3DKVHREQHmwEzBnfpvJ5pHX-25N4XKAuc1MY7uvfBfU4FXsPH9pNE9y31l0kcNUASKeWNinbm4dGBYSQfJIsyuppoiyfz3-f8d2042ElNPQl8bviCytPyJc/s1600/3.jpg" height="207" width="320" /></a><br />
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Enter a Title and Choose the Directory where you wish to save your project. Note that it won't save in a directory which already has a project. Then you must manually create a folder in your windows.<br />
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You'll get a nice INFO when it has been created.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIlPorjQ1WuQwpvcMByUIHEZc_VOI7UVlWj1MxlgZW7fB6HsFa-Daf4I2kLlhS_Np-9tx517ALdtv6hFuZuPcSdj_V0Ou66TycuDUWzmLmlMor_O61tYOcxIRdJ-kTcjWb83Jd1DOtZP8/s1600/5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIlPorjQ1WuQwpvcMByUIHEZc_VOI7UVlWj1MxlgZW7fB6HsFa-Daf4I2kLlhS_Np-9tx517ALdtv6hFuZuPcSdj_V0Ou66TycuDUWzmLmlMor_O61tYOcxIRdJ-kTcjWb83Jd1DOtZP8/s1600/5.jpg" /></a></div>
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Now select File>New<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE529B57kjVAv9MdSZ5oW4TKgtGANg8jM2d06hQC7p4n0GmVXsIChpJVbiToHZ0fJV505RnpcxMs5NJfUTiJIvNwTKX0kWbuy7K4maP0qBUrIkuPZJ5P8rSekmsyPUBoXtgJhMFHKFheE/s1600/6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE529B57kjVAv9MdSZ5oW4TKgtGANg8jM2d06hQC7p4n0GmVXsIChpJVbiToHZ0fJV505RnpcxMs5NJfUTiJIvNwTKX0kWbuy7K4maP0qBUrIkuPZJ5P8rSekmsyPUBoXtgJhMFHKFheE/s1600/6.jpg" /></a></div>
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Choose LDS in Type of diagram to create a Logical Data Structure.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-WOourE2QjGv2fxkVpFJgLBJA1SFk7mS0yyDe4GQpxvBz2qyx7xw8cAK1dxj6ZMFOhCCeCvlK4rWt2P2MNqnKDizKkmdawWYMXTLfcz5UJX2tCGeecikvxk-qnIhJvJaeOJykSUIn-9g/s1600/7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-WOourE2QjGv2fxkVpFJgLBJA1SFk7mS0yyDe4GQpxvBz2qyx7xw8cAK1dxj6ZMFOhCCeCvlK4rWt2P2MNqnKDizKkmdawWYMXTLfcz5UJX2tCGeecikvxk-qnIhJvJaeOJykSUIn-9g/s1600/7.jpg" height="149" width="320" /></a></div>
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You'll get a new blank window:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjsxMuPGBuUs75qRzp_yGbZEvgSxeUZWmWNQexReioonodo7ZF8CJ9gHFS2GRFC7-wTZYkcR3xzN91LLukhEoOMTBFsynHCivrywQWy-brfHxLTyYpR_DaWUHxpZ5BBWQiB6aO2Iz4wlU/s1600/8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjsxMuPGBuUs75qRzp_yGbZEvgSxeUZWmWNQexReioonodo7ZF8CJ9gHFS2GRFC7-wTZYkcR3xzN91LLukhEoOMTBFsynHCivrywQWy-brfHxLTyYpR_DaWUHxpZ5BBWQiB6aO2Iz4wlU/s1600/8.jpg" height="290" width="640" /></a></div>
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Right click anywhere. Select Entity to create your table.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijjtwmixUiqe7-63vDapTFuBurwW70TDJrJWwcbAJ3NPdiRshXg1z42UYHy5OyYJLjQ6nYXyah-xnt3iXCn5fFh5JTwDn0Gb0oKShjEkM8_cKqVSv-kn3r_aqDDbTUiBOSkMkOeVXPmYM/s1600/9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijjtwmixUiqe7-63vDapTFuBurwW70TDJrJWwcbAJ3NPdiRshXg1z42UYHy5OyYJLjQ6nYXyah-xnt3iXCn5fFh5JTwDn0Gb0oKShjEkM8_cKqVSv-kn3r_aqDDbTUiBOSkMkOeVXPmYM/s1600/9.jpg" height="261" width="320" /></a></div>
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Enter Entity(table) name. You can leave the Aspect blank. Click Ok.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm9f9VGFLrd_u3sjaWECjJRAMaoUXgalYkWFubHQ928RdEsY3QA-yRV2EPn5MKAVplptmEONiM3RwEBVgD89ZTS2SkU4mZU2g-RYiQ0iKyLPslzPfziXg7HR2T4Cf_rDZuUSPSQZ7F8Eg/s1600/10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm9f9VGFLrd_u3sjaWECjJRAMaoUXgalYkWFubHQ928RdEsY3QA-yRV2EPn5MKAVplptmEONiM3RwEBVgD89ZTS2SkU4mZU2g-RYiQ0iKyLPslzPfziXg7HR2T4Cf_rDZuUSPSQZ7F8Eg/s1600/10.jpg" height="277" width="400" /></a></div>
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You'll get this: A box with your table name. Now we need to start populating it with attributes.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9jN7HElPBKZi9AagKDvQL_bK5XMA2xy5uzoGrWAT_QWRI_p2f0MGHw5Y5rBK-MovtycSAUJqnskr4VurQH_PMyMZWIhdJT7K3hJcU5x8rd9Q1gZt7YiFLVhC11byiBOjRRRTYOHk4d1c/s1600/11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9jN7HElPBKZi9AagKDvQL_bK5XMA2xy5uzoGrWAT_QWRI_p2f0MGHw5Y5rBK-MovtycSAUJqnskr4VurQH_PMyMZWIhdJT7K3hJcU5x8rd9Q1gZt7YiFLVhC11byiBOjRRRTYOHk4d1c/s1600/11.jpg" /></a></div>
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You get this window:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6oYtJ5t1s_SNn99Fp9CD6pzjpzlmnsRcEINAirS4h-jVjWYzCvMvTcMvIPOFPmwbwMVLmsvlXIUGxM1MbDphEluIoGbrhdMtF5bUc7Js0NnJzeVArAyainHaUkapi_U9BcErRaY2qs8/s1600/12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6oYtJ5t1s_SNn99Fp9CD6pzjpzlmnsRcEINAirS4h-jVjWYzCvMvTcMvIPOFPmwbwMVLmsvlXIUGxM1MbDphEluIoGbrhdMtF5bUc7Js0NnJzeVArAyainHaUkapi_U9BcErRaY2qs8/s1600/12.jpg" height="564" width="640" /></a></div>
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Add an attribute in the text box and hit Enter or Return.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLdLGTfUqsHitNedaVtVUBlgW26Qw4SfDlwqh3VkPbIoa0YxkQzbwCpj79uAUuHI-SHAH8EKkB6_ESBLWBAczDkSW2wIjUFPdiTCoCj7pgSPjsdDzJwV-dQI1vEKwoGRcQdX_cQ_tNoy8/s1600/13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLdLGTfUqsHitNedaVtVUBlgW26Qw4SfDlwqh3VkPbIoa0YxkQzbwCpj79uAUuHI-SHAH8EKkB6_ESBLWBAczDkSW2wIjUFPdiTCoCj7pgSPjsdDzJwV-dQI1vEKwoGRcQdX_cQ_tNoy8/s1600/13.jpg" height="102" width="400" /></a></div>
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If you want this attribute to be your primary key, check the Prime Key at the bottom left.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfbpiOrdYYmEjQgorhb_Nmmtk-wkutyhpqKMulOsIjdR_5ggEgEhzaOlcuXNzsjJATFzUpQSljaEtGCide0os_ILrEpeaycigvQzYhn2atTB4srLLpmqo8GT0OuDSCrIiWuyOyGNWv-wo/s1600/14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfbpiOrdYYmEjQgorhb_Nmmtk-wkutyhpqKMulOsIjdR_5ggEgEhzaOlcuXNzsjJATFzUpQSljaEtGCide0os_ILrEpeaycigvQzYhn2atTB4srLLpmqo8GT0OuDSCrIiWuyOyGNWv-wo/s1600/14.jpg" /></a></div>
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Enter any attributes you want and hit Enter. Click OK when finished.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlP0bd-K2dBJpp8uLwz69su7xnU-mgT31GXhTWBIo2kK_8uynirQWacrTm2Nqv1OaUZwGteniXvvrjH_dCHLot72OgSqxNKV_zvRWgGR25vGfy-GMuQc56PpJRvYoEyEJmVVylS5j7g_U/s1600/15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlP0bd-K2dBJpp8uLwz69su7xnU-mgT31GXhTWBIo2kK_8uynirQWacrTm2Nqv1OaUZwGteniXvvrjH_dCHLot72OgSqxNKV_zvRWgGR25vGfy-GMuQc56PpJRvYoEyEJmVVylS5j7g_U/s1600/15.jpg" height="191" width="320" /></a></div>
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To view all attributes of your table, Right Click>select View>All Attributes.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg9KhuvS9DQxykbQGlEop3jiN8vvTy7SJSxje7t74tf0falXCVMkLwZxNQvikunf_CYqeZdlQ1uDB4v4yXFNNf-GpS6JDmzEBRPiYyfTofM1DWGvfNOmMfF7uVyNKlZvNT3KaALGTY7Cc/s1600/16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg9KhuvS9DQxykbQGlEop3jiN8vvTy7SJSxje7t74tf0falXCVMkLwZxNQvikunf_CYqeZdlQ1uDB4v4yXFNNf-GpS6JDmzEBRPiYyfTofM1DWGvfNOmMfF7uVyNKlZvNT3KaALGTY7Cc/s1600/16.jpg" height="201" width="400" /></a></div>
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Here is the result. The first table is created. Now create another one. For instance, the SALES table using the same steps as above.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVyuIPxm1Hv4WbGh6WPqaqS7RpUgVK0Y2iVTAUrN3nv2sq1k2xZXchIpYeBCg4Vkvi17IT32LsDbQkzX9t0uzzs1Ww8GaBxk5M6rygOmmF0n2yg18G3AwZ-9CBg16Kd_89YZBjOdpwVGc/s1600/17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVyuIPxm1Hv4WbGh6WPqaqS7RpUgVK0Y2iVTAUrN3nv2sq1k2xZXchIpYeBCg4Vkvi17IT32LsDbQkzX9t0uzzs1Ww8GaBxk5M6rygOmmF0n2yg18G3AwZ-9CBg16Kd_89YZBjOdpwVGc/s1600/17.jpg" height="193" width="320" /></a></div>
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The result:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl3QYZVxTe3ahkZFOa6dojSd8BsW-turvAld9-kwxZLu8tbN8efhFBww3E67j_d38jPpMX5dqDPIRe4tQBWZrTt-h-mQ4iuPOgSKM24pbbCAS3PF_GsaUtLb3DdF8XAbueN70V2tB0OgI/s1600/18.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl3QYZVxTe3ahkZFOa6dojSd8BsW-turvAld9-kwxZLu8tbN8efhFBww3E67j_d38jPpMX5dqDPIRe4tQBWZrTt-h-mQ4iuPOgSKM24pbbCAS3PF_GsaUtLb3DdF8XAbueN70V2tB0OgI/s1600/18.jpg" height="185" width="400" /></a></div>
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Creating a RELATIONSHIP between Customer and Sales: Right on Customer>Select Add>Click on Relationship.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghvW7HcFHdE3QdTM3f_m42KiH6fOybP56OB2EuALdkGuo1pdKzHh_2NUoA7MpWuB33j25lmN2N0gWCJe-rrm6A9yjH6XwqPKwRztYLrtzPbrUn40efgErPAR7hKT2DAbpOJE1Bnawry6k/s1600/19.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghvW7HcFHdE3QdTM3f_m42KiH6fOybP56OB2EuALdkGuo1pdKzHh_2NUoA7MpWuB33j25lmN2N0gWCJe-rrm6A9yjH6XwqPKwRztYLrtzPbrUn40efgErPAR7hKT2DAbpOJE1Bnawry6k/s1600/19.jpg" height="246" width="640" /></a></div>
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Now drag this dashed line over to Sales and release it.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXIqp3kCEIHJmhw09IyC6L8iDfNEX_DzVCmz4cKLPGZqh4UlehjsXKBQYhNxT_8JB9l2AFq0U35p629NhedHAbfveKEkA1jMa88wcM8O0Q7s-TAV7I4SxcNSExFAlv5ifZbP7wZugsPM8/s1600/20.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXIqp3kCEIHJmhw09IyC6L8iDfNEX_DzVCmz4cKLPGZqh4UlehjsXKBQYhNxT_8JB9l2AFq0U35p629NhedHAbfveKEkA1jMa88wcM8O0Q7s-TAV7I4SxcNSExFAlv5ifZbP7wZugsPM8/s1600/20.jpg" height="153" width="640" /></a></div>
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An attribute has automatically been created in the Sales table (*Customer_ID). This is your foreign key. All foreign keys are represented by a *. Double click on the relationship line and you will get this window:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd2Sljufo_wjy_guX9MiFafOV0laeL9veNUkUBxdz8IccVwFCTaQ7UEIoXxfvcCNxgn1PWhSdghkW7D3z_78Oa7HoowtPnJDmG8QhlHQHV5I2rH4X3G9dz6kHbUXzNJ_iOKPm3WzH4RTw/s1600/22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd2Sljufo_wjy_guX9MiFafOV0laeL9veNUkUBxdz8IccVwFCTaQ7UEIoXxfvcCNxgn1PWhSdghkW7D3z_78Oa7HoowtPnJDmG8QhlHQHV5I2rH4X3G9dz6kHbUXzNJ_iOKPm3WzH4RTw/s1600/22.jpg" height="401" width="640" /></a></div>
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When closing the program you will need to enter a Title. That's all :)<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaIu0Hv-XzYbg_RyuxwVqKInvIREDjm66JxxPJFbxptr0bF4IO7C6rLVIETJcTo7D_Qn1is2W18scaszZvTNpqB8G-baDL6Xo5m30c-h2hM2XZNfCUyhlR55Q93NcuNu5LMDAXQLj8U2g/s1600/23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaIu0Hv-XzYbg_RyuxwVqKInvIREDjm66JxxPJFbxptr0bF4IO7C6rLVIETJcTo7D_Qn1is2W18scaszZvTNpqB8G-baDL6Xo5m30c-h2hM2XZNfCUyhlR55Q93NcuNu5LMDAXQLj8U2g/s1600/23.jpg" height="400" width="338" /></a></div>
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khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-69983011918333759732014-03-11T10:16:00.001-07:002014-03-11T10:20:02.414-07:00Mauritius anthem in Hindi<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: red;"><b style="background-color: black;">Mauritius hein desh hamara Jaan se apni hamko pyara</b></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b style="background-color: black;">Hind Mahasagar ki kunji </b></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b style="background-color: black;">Indradhanush muskaan ki bhoomi</b></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b style="background-color: black;">Eissa sundar desh hamara</b></span><br />
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #3d85c6;">Mauritius hein desh hamara Jaan se apni humko pyara</span></b><br />
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #3d85c6;">Hindu muslim boodh ishai, apash mein hein bhai-bhai, bhai ko bhai pyara</span></b><br />
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #3d85c6;">Eissa hoga chalan hamara</span></b><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Mauritius he</span></b><b style="color: yellow;">i</b></span><b style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">n desh hamara Jaan se apni humko pyara</b><br />
<span style="color: yellow;"><b style="background-color: black;">Sardi garmi ekhi pal mein, ek hi pal mein titu naju mawsampyarahad say pyari</b></span><br />
<span style="color: yellow;"><b style="background-color: black;">Jannat hein yaha desh hamara</b></span><br />
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: yellow;">Mauritius hein desh hamara Jaan se apni humko pyara</span></b><br />
<span style="color: lime;"><b style="background-color: black;">Ek ke dukh mein dab hein dathi </b></span><br />
<span style="color: lime;"><b style="background-color: black;">Desh ka milkar kam kareinge</b></span><br />
<span style="color: lime;"><b style="background-color: black;">Jag mein roshan nam kareinge</b></span><br />
<span style="color: lime;"><b style="background-color: black;">Mauritius hein desh hamara Jaan se apni humko pyara</b></span></div>
khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-41045086250664566162014-03-06T12:09:00.000-08:002014-03-06T12:09:51.835-08:00My Childhood video games<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Three Eyes Boy - Mitsume Ga Tooru: Play as a hero who's girlfriend has been kidnapped by a villain. You have powers, shops, an arc that can make you jump higher.<br />
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Load Runner - You need to get the load of sands and trap your enemies in holes. You can even build your own stage!<br />
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Mighty Jack! You're a small boy who needs to evade all sorts of little enemies, sometimes flying. You have bonus stages. You can fly in this game.<br />
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Excite Bike! Take control of a fun motorcycle and jump through the stages. There's an option to build your own track.<br />
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Wild Gunman. Play with your gun. Simple concept: Wait for the game to tell you when to fire. Fire too early you lose. Fire too late you die!<br />
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Contra! Playing this in 2 player mode is damn great. Aliens have invaded the planet. Your mission is to destroy the big monster. To your gun and start your mission!<br />
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Bomberman! Plant bombs and run away. Your goal is to find the door to the next stage by destroying the brick walls. But beware of the red enemies. They can be destroyed with bombs.<br />
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Duck Hunt. Hunting game with a dog that catches your dead ducks and laughs the hell out of you when you miss.<br />
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Super Mario! Go find your princess who has been kidnapped. Go through castles. Well who doesn't know mario....<br />
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khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-62271951447291485382014-02-10T10:52:00.001-08:002014-03-11T10:01:16.720-07:00Chronological Murders, suicides in Mauritius 2014<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span lang="FR">Mardi 7 janvier</span></b><span lang="FR"> La découverte du corps inerte d’une touriste
française répondant au nom de Catherine Jeanine Gaworski, âgée de 49 ans, a mis
le petit village de Palmar en émoi, mardi. En effet, sur la plage de Palmar, un
autre touriste a découvert le corps nu de la victime, lors de son jogging
matinal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><b>9 janvier</b>. A Eau-Coulée.
La <em>Major Crimes Investigation Team</em> (MCIT) embarque Ashish Takoordyal,
36 ans, afin qu’il s’explique sur la disparition de sa femme Deepa, 32 ans,
rapportée par sa mère. Il aura fallu une demi-heure à cette équipe pour obtenir
des aveux et récupérer le corps de la victime, </span><span lang="FR">découpé au grinder en trois morceaux</span><span lang="FR">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="FR">Vendredi 10 janvier </span></b><span lang="FR">Une adolescente de 16 ans s’est donnée la mort par
pendaison vendredi à Camp-Ithier à la suite d’une vive dispute avec sa mère.
Celle-ci reprochait à la jeune fille sa relation amoureuse avec un jeune homme.
Après cette dispute, elle a quitté sa maison pour se rendre chez sa grand-mère
qui occupe une maison en bois et recouverte de feuilles de tôle. </span>Sa
grand-mère n’était pas là à ce moment.<b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="FR">Dimanche 19 janvier</span></b><span lang="FR"> Une policière de 22 ans, affectée au poste de
police de St-Pierre, s’est donnée la mort en se tirant une balle dans la tête.
Il était vers 2h30 quand Chandika Bissessur, dite Varsha, qui était de service,
est allée dans le bureau de l’inspecteur, avec son revolver pour se tirer une
balle dans la tête. Elle était seule au poste au moment du drame. Ses collègues
étaient tous sortis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><b>Dimanche 26 janvier </b>à cité Argy</span><span lang="FR">, Thierry Stéphane Agathe, 22 ans,
a torturé son ex-petite amie Marie Rachelle Géraldine Rose, dimanche à cité
Argy, avant de l’assassiner d’un coup de couteau en plein coeur.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<strong><span lang="FR">3 février. </span></strong><span lang="FR">Une
policière, Neelamba Ramsamy (en médaillon), a été retrouvée morte au domicile
des ses beaux-parents.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><strong>Samedi 8 février </strong></span>À Rodrigues, un jardinier de 23 ans s’est donné la mort par pendaison avec une corde attachée à un arbre, samedi.<br />
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<span lang="FR"><b>9 </b></span><strong><span lang="FR">février: </span></strong>Vidya Seerutun, 34 ans, a été froidement tuée par son mari Vinay Soohun
(39 ans) dimanche à Mare d’Albert. Une fois de plus c’est une dispute
conjugale qui a dégénéré en véritable drame.<br />
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<b>Vendredi 21 février </b>Hansraj Seepaul, un gardien de 59 ans, a été tué sur son lieu de travail
dans la nuit de jeudi à vendredi à Fond-du-Sac. Il aurait été
mortellement agressé par une bande de voleurs qui sévissait dans les
environs, selon les éléments de l’enquête.<br />
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<b>Dimanche 23 février </b>Cinquième
crime passionnel depuis le début de l’année. Daramsing Bissou, un maçon
de 29 ans, a infligé plusieurs coups de couteau à sa concubine, Pooja
Gumbeer, 21 ans.<br />
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<b>Dimanche 23 février </b>Scènes
d’horreur à Gros-Cailloux, Petite-Rivière. Le corps découpé en
plusieurs morceaux d'une femme a été découvert dans un bassin à 9h30
lundi 24 février.<br />
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<b>Lundi 10 mars</b> Elle a été retrouvée dans une mare de sang sur la plage de Grand-Baie.
Emmenée à l’hôpital SSRN, cette quadragénaire a rendu l’âme dans la
soirée d’hier, lundi 10 mars. Une autopsie sera pratiquée aujourd’hui.<br />
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<span lang="FR">Sources: Lexpress.mu, Lematinal.mu, Defimedia.info</span></div>
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khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-71018048398287940142014-01-23T03:08:00.001-08:002014-01-23T03:08:27.787-08:00The Ultimate Karma Guide - Why does karma exist? What is karma? Who created it? Where is it?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Why does karma exist? What is karma? Who created it? Where is it?<br />
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Rethink your definition. There is positive karma, and negative karma.<br />
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Karma is not magic. Nor is it a punishment given by an invisible man watching you from above. I will not quote any religion because karma knows no religion.<br />
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Someone who performs an action is called a karmendriya. Let's just call this person a karma-doer. Everyone alive is a karma-doer. Let's start from the basis that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Let's prove it. A corrupt politician is bribed. Another person who's affected by this bribe also becomes corrupt. Another person becomes a rebel because of this corruption. You see, there has been an equal and an opposite reaction.<br />
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Does karma mean 'action done' or 'action to be done'? Well, think about karma as a glass of water. 'Action done' means you drink all of this water. 'Action to be done' means you drink half of this water. Why this? Did you know your thoughts (action of thinking) are only energy and nothing else? Meaning, thinking gives you half of this karma. Explanation follows. To know where is karma stored, we need to know what is karma really. Is it tangible? It's as tangible as oxygen. It does not have the properties of oxygen (such as atomic number and so on). Karma is materially present. It's not the usual material you can play with in laboratories. Can you see energy? Most of you cannot see energy! But many of us can see them. It's not a magic, I'll explain how to see it later, just finish understanding karma. So yes, karma is a material present around you wherever you go, on whatever 3rd dimension reality you are, presently the Earth.<br />
<br />
Hurt and you acquire bad energy, help and you acquire good energy. That's all what karma is about. But how does this energy come to you? Does someone inject this into you? No. Polarity. It means negative or positive. There is an unbroken rule in karma physics. Positive attracts positive, negative attracts negative. A handsome man will get a beautiful lady (please forget about money-minded ladies for a moment). Ok this example is fuzzy but you know what I mean. You are always told to think positive. Well, as thoughts are energy, and positive attracts positive in the energy world, you will attract positive energy.<br />
<br />
How is karma or negative energy created and stored? Energy cannot be formed. It's already present. It is only transformed or changed. You have energy all around your body and inside your body. Your mind is the instrument which transforms the energy. When you think of doing something positive then neutral energy is transformed into positive energy but you acquire only half of it. When you do the good action you get all of the karma.<br />
<br />
The ultimate question is WHY DOES KARMA EXIST? You can only understand the feeling why karma exist. Let me tell you why is exists. Imagine you have 2 children. One of them is a bad brat and causes harm to the other. You would punish the bad brat. But would you want to kill him or put his existence to an end? No. You would just want the bad brat to understand that being bad to the other causes harm. The universe makes us understand that an action causes harm by putting us in the same situation of the one that we have hurt. That is the purpose of karma! Karma also goes to the next birth because existence does not end with the death of the body. Karma passes along with the soul.</div>
khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-68447954021236969932014-01-11T22:06:00.002-08:002014-01-11T22:06:30.259-08:00Unidentified car at Vacoas catches fire<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxDEPUTn2WUllp4tECB_o2BSV5rVSoPKz2VuS8KcdmV5FNt0RDNNIzAW7GUiOwRZMws-Bjh7Jez62n15iknfg52QchkxHcPg5sANYqUBqV5Iy6SgSQYXWa4HgxJ_Px2PTKBldyiArdsEY/s1600/loto1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxDEPUTn2WUllp4tECB_o2BSV5rVSoPKz2VuS8KcdmV5FNt0RDNNIzAW7GUiOwRZMws-Bjh7Jez62n15iknfg52QchkxHcPg5sANYqUBqV5Iy6SgSQYXWa4HgxJ_Px2PTKBldyiArdsEY/s1600/loto1.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
It was about 8.00 in the morning, Vacoas. This unidentified car started emitting smoke. The inhabitants called the police and fire brigade. But it seems it was too late the fire couldn't be controlled.<br />
<br />
This car was 'parked' since around 3 days. No one came to check in.<br />
<br />
Well, the police took the necessary steps to start an investigation. More info coming soon...<br />
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khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-80893762326041688152014-01-08T11:00:00.000-08:002014-01-08T11:00:23.091-08:00Cells, Exchange and Transport (ALL ANSWERS POSSIBLE)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0qFShJ-sE6WA3ERIsXv8Nj_L_lj8urM8s4XwpIVmVwkVL76YYX8qswFA8ezmUEWJ7GLrcWUNfV9DZrNnMzVMz74QJfoBhPsb8hrtkYiP1otO84AWSkB39y1WvJ2LUpbui-HEZC5q9BJ8/s1600/file0001547608975.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0qFShJ-sE6WA3ERIsXv8Nj_L_lj8urM8s4XwpIVmVwkVL76YYX8qswFA8ezmUEWJ7GLrcWUNfV9DZrNnMzVMz74QJfoBhPsb8hrtkYiP1otO84AWSkB39y1WvJ2LUpbui-HEZC5q9BJ8/s1600/file0001547608975.jpg" height="112" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="p0 ft0">
Cells, Exchange and Transport</div>
<div class="p1 ft1">
Cells</div>
<div class="p2 ft2">
<span class="ft2">(a)</span><span class="ft3">state
the resolution and magnification that can be achieved by a light
microscope, a transmission electron microscope and a scanning electron
microscope;</span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="t0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tr0 td0"><div class="p3 ft4">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="tr0 td1"><div class="p4 ft2">
Resolution</div>
</td>
<td class="tr0 td2"><div class="p5 ft2">
Magnification</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr1 td3"><div class="p6 ft2">
Light microscope</div>
</td>
<td class="tr1 td4"><div class="p4 ft2">
200nm</div>
</td>
<td class="tr1 td5"><div class="p5 ft2">
x1,500</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr0 td3"><div class="p6 ft2">
Transmission Electron Microscope</div>
</td>
<td class="tr0 td4"><div class="p4 ft2">
0.1nm</div>
</td>
<td class="tr0 td5"><div class="p5 ft2">
x500,000</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr0 td3"><div class="p6 ft2">
Scanning Electron Microscope</div>
</td>
<td class="tr0 td4"><div class="p4 ft2">
0.1nm</div>
</td>
<td class="tr0 td5"><div class="p5 ft2">
X100,000</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br />
<div class="p7 ft5">
<span class="ft5">(b)</span><span class="ft6">explain the difference between magnification and resolution;</span></div>
<div class="p8 ft1">
Magnification is the degree to which the size of an image is larger than the image itself.</div>
<div class="p8 ft1">
Resolution is the degree to which it is possible to distinguish between two objects that are very close together.</div>
<div class="p8 ft1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p9 ft1">
<span class="ft7">(c)</span><span class="ft8">explain the need for staining samples for use in light microscopy and electron microscopy;</span></div>
<div class="p10 ft1">
A lot of biological material inside a cell isn’t
coloured, so it might be difficult to distinguish between different
features. Coloured stains are used to stain specimens for use with the
light microscope. Chemicals which bind to other chemicals on, or in, the
specimen, which allows the specimen be to seen. Some chemicals bind to
specific structures, such as Acetic orcein staining DNA red.</div>
<div class="p11 ft1">
Electron micrographs start off black and white, with the colour being added by a specialised computer program afterwards.</div>
<div class="p11 ft1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p12 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(d)</span><span class="ft9">calculate the linear magnification of an image;</span></div>
<div class="p13 ft1">
Image size =Actual size x Magnification</div>
<div class="p13 ft1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p14 ft7">
<span class="ft11">(e)</span><span class="ft12">describe
and interpret drawings and photographs of eukaryotic cells as seen
under an electron microscope and be able to recognise the following
structures:</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft5">
Nucleus,</div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
Larges organelle.</div>
<div class="p19 ft1">
Nucleolus,</div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
Dense, spherical structure inside nucleus</div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
Nuclear envelope,</div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
Surrounds the nucleus</div>
<div class="p20 ft1">
Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER),</div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
Continuous with the nuclear envelope. RER is studded with ribosomes, SER is not.</div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
Golgi apparatus,</div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
Stack of <nobr>membrane-bound</nobr> flattened sacs</div>
<div class="p17 ft5">
Ribosomes,</div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
Tiny. Some are in the cytoplasm and some are bound to the RER</div>
<div class="p19 ft1">
Mitochondria,</div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
Spherical or sausage shaped. Double membrane.</div>
<div class="p20 ft1">
Lysosomes,</div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
Spherical sacs. Single membrane.</div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
Chloroplasts,</div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
Only in plant cells. Two membranes. Contain Thylakoids.</div>
<div class="p17 ft5">
Plasma (cell surface) membrane,</div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
Phospholipid bilayer</div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
Centrioles,</div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
Small tubes of protein fibres. Pair of them next to Nucleus in Animal cells.</div>
<br />
<div class="p18 ft1">
Flagella and cilia;</div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p21 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(f)</span><span class="ft13">outline the functions of the structures listed in (e); Nucleus,</span></div>
<div class="p22 ft1">
Houses all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA, which contains the instructions for protein synthesis.</div>
<div class="p23 ft1">
Nucleolus,</div>
<div class="p22 ft1">
Makes ribosomes and RNA which pass into the cytoplasm and are used in protein synthesis</div>
<div class="p22 ft1">
Nuclear envelope,</div>
<div class="p22 ft1">
A double membrane with nuclear pores.</div>
<div class="p23 ft1">
Rough endoplasmic reticulum,</div>
<div class="p22 ft1">
Transports proteins made by the attached ribosomes.</div>
<div class="p24 ft1">
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER),</div>
<div class="p22 ft1">
Involved in the making of lipids.</div>
<div class="p8 ft1">
Golgi apparatus,</div>
<div class="p22 ft1">
Modifies proteins received from the Rough ER and then packages them into vesicles so they can be transported.</div>
<div class="p22 ft5">
Ribosomes,</div>
<div class="p8 ft1">
Site of protein synthesis.</div>
<div class="p23 ft1">
Mitochondria,</div>
<div class="p22 ft1">
Where ATP is made.</div>
<div class="p24 ft5">
Lysosomes,</div>
<div class="p8 ft1">
Contain digestive enzymes that are used to break down material</div>
<div class="p8 ft1">
Chloroplasts,</div>
<div class="p22 ft1">
Site of photosynthesis in plant cells.</div>
<div class="p8 ft1">
Plasma (cell surface) membrane,</div>
<div class="p22 ft1">
Controls the entry and exit of substances into and out of the cell.</div>
<div class="p22 ft1">
Centrioles,</div>
<div class="p22 ft1">
Form the spindle which moves chromosomes during cell division.</div>
<div class="p8 ft1">
Flagella and cilia;</div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
</div>
<div class="p22 ft1">
Move by ATP. E.g. wave mucus along trachea or make sperm swim.</div>
<div class="p22 ft1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p25 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(f)</span><span class="ft13">outline
the interrelationship between the organelles involved in the production
and secretion of proteins (no detail of protein synthesis is required);</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
<span class="ft7">1.</span><span class="ft14">The gene containing the instructions for the production of the hormones is copied onto a piece of mRNA</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
<span class="ft7">2.</span><span class="ft14">mRNA leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore.</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
<span class="ft7">3.</span><span class="ft14">mRNA attaches to a ribosome</span></div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
<span class="ft7">4.</span><span class="ft14">Ribosome reads the instruction to assemble the protein</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
<span class="ft7">5.</span><span class="ft14">Molecules are ‘pinched off’ in vesicles and travel towards the Golgi Apparatus</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
<span class="ft7">6.</span><span class="ft14">Vesicle fuses with Golgi Apparatus</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
<span class="ft7">7.</span><span class="ft14">Golgi apparatus processes and packages the molecules, ready for release</span></div>
<div class="p26 ft1">
<span class="ft7">8.</span><span class="ft14">The molecules are ‘pinched off’ in vesicles from the Golgi Apparatus and move towards the cell surface membrane</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
<span class="ft7">9.</span><span class="ft14">Vesicles fuse with the cell surface membrane</span></div>
<div class="p22 ft1">
</div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
<span class="ft7">10.</span><span class="ft15">Cell surface membrane opens to release molecules outside</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
<span class="ft15"><br /></span></div>
<div class="p27 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(g)</span><span class="ft9">explain
the importance of the cytoskeleton in providing mechanical strength to
cells, aiding transport within cells and enabling cell movement;</span></div>
<div class="p28 ft1">
The cytoplasm contains a network of two kinds of
proteins fibres which keep the cell’s shape stable by providing an
internal framework. The types of protein fibres are:</div>
<div class="p29 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Microfilaments (small solid strands made of actin, 7nm diameter)</span></div>
<div class="p30 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Microtubules (protein cylinders made of tubulin molecules, 25nm diameter)</span></div>
<div class="p31 ft1">
Their functions include:</div>
<div class="p30 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Supporting organelles</span></div>
<div class="p30 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Strenghtening the cell and maintaining cell shape</span></div>
<div class="p30 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Transporting materials within in the cell (e.g. the spindle during mitosis)</span></div>
<div class="p30 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Cell movement (cilia and flagella)</span></div>
<div class="p32 ft1">
Microtubules do not move, but they provide an anchor
for protein to move along. E.g. kinesin attaches one end to an organelle
and the other end to a microtubule. Using ATP it ‘swivels’, pushing the
organelle along. The head then reattaches itself to the microtubule and
the process is repeated.</div>
<div class="p33 ft1">
Flagella and cilia are each made from a cylinder
containing 9 microtubules. Flagella move with the aid of the protein,
Dynein. When a molecule of dyneine ‘swivels’ it pulls one microtubule
past the next, causing the cilium to bend.</div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
<span class="ft15">
</span></div>
<div class="p34 ft1">
Cilia move out of time with each other to create a ‘wave’</div>
<div class="p34 ft1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p0 ft0">
Cells, Exchange and Transport</div>
<div class="p35 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(h)</span><span class="ft9">compare
and contrast, with the aid of diagrams and electron micrographs, the
structure of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells;</span></div>
<div class="p36 ft1">
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. They are bacteria and are much smaller than Eukaryotic cells. They have:</div>
<div class="p37 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">One membrane</span></div>
<div class="p37 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">No </span><nobr>membrane-bound</nobr> organelles</div>
<div class="p37 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Cell wall made of peptidoglycan not cellulose</span></div>
<div class="p37 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Their ribosomes are smaller</span></div>
<div class="p37 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Circular DNA</span></div>
<div class="p37 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">DNA is not surrounded by a membrane.</span></div>
<div class="p37 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">ATP production takes place in specialised infolded regions of the cell surface membrane</span></div>
<div class="p34 ft1">
</div>
<div class="p37 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Some have Flagella</span></div>
<div class="p37 ft1">
<span class="ft17"><br /></span></div>
<div class="p38 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(i)</span><span class="ft18">Compare
and contrast, with the aid of diagrams and electron micrographs, the
structure and ultrastructure of plant cells and animal cells.</span></div>
<div class="p39 ft1">
Plant cells have a cell wall. This is outside the cell surface membrane and it made of cellulose, which forms a <nobr>sieve-like</nobr>
network of strands which make the cell wall strong. This is kept rigid
by the pressure of the fluid inside the cell, so supports the cell and
therefore the entire plant.</div>
<div class="p37 ft1">
<span class="ft17">
</span></div>
<div class="p40 ft1">
Plant cells also contain a Vacuole. This maintains
the cell stability by making the cell turgid as it increases the
pressure inside the cell. This in turn helps support the plant.</div>
<div class="p40 ft1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p0 ft0">
Cells, Exchange and Transport</div>
<div class="p0 ft5">
Cell Membranes</div>
<div class="p12 ft1">
<span class="ft11">(a)</span><span class="ft8">outline the roles of membranes within cells and at the surface of cells;</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Separate cell contents from the outside environment</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Separate cell components from the outside environment</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Cell recognition and signalling</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Holding the components of some metabolic pathways in place</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Regulating the transport of materials into or out of cells</span></div>
<div class="p9 ft1">
<span class="ft11">(b)</span><span class="ft12">state that plasma (cell surface) membranes are partially permeable barriers;</span></div>
<div class="p9 ft5">
<span class="ft19">(c)</span><span class="ft20">describe, with the aid of diagrams, the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure;</span></div>
<div class="p41 ft5">
A bilayer of phosopholipid molecules forms the main
structure. Various proteins are studded in the bilayer. Some are
partially embedded (extrinsic) whereas some completely span the membrane
(intrinsic)</div>
<div class="p42 ft5">
<span class="ft11">(d)</span><span class="ft21">describe the roles of the components of the cell membrane; Phospholipids,</span></div>
<div class="p43 ft5">
Have a hydrophobic head and a fatty acid tail. They
form a bilayer separating the cell from the outside. They are fluid so
components can move around freely. They are permeable to small and/or <nobr>non-polar</nobr> molecules, but impermeable to large molecules and ions.</div>
<div class="p44 ft5">
Cholesterol,</div>
<div class="p45 ft5">
Gives the membranes mechanical stability by sitting
between fatty acid tails and therefore making the barrier more complete,
preventing molecules like water and ions from passing through the
membrane.</div>
<div class="p34 ft5">
Glycolipids,</div>
<div class="p46 ft5">
Phosopholipid molecules that have a carbohydrate part
attached. They are used for cell signalling, cell surface antigens and
cell adhesion.</div>
<div class="p34 ft5">
Proteins</div>
<div class="p47 ft5">
Channel proteins allow the movement of some
substances, such as the large molecule sugar, into and out of the cell
as they can’t travel directly through the cell surface membrane</div>
<div class="p44 ft1">
Carrier proteins actively move substances across the cell surface membrane.</div>
<div class="p31 ft5">
Glycoproteins;</div>
<div class="p31 ft1">
Phospholipid molecules with a protein attached. Same functions as glycolipids.</div>
<div class="p9 ft5">
<span class="ft11">(e)</span><span class="ft22">outline the effect of changing temperature on membrane structure and permeability;</span></div>
<div class="p32 ft7">
Increasing the temperature means that the molecules
have more kinetic energy. This increased movement makes the membrane
leaky, so molecules which would not normally do so can move into and out
of the cell.</div>
<div class="p12 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(f)</span><span class="ft13">explain the term cell signalling;</span></div>
<div class="p48 ft5">
Process that leads to communication and coordination
between cells, e.g. hormones binding to their receptors on the cell
surface membrane</div>
<div class="p9 ft5">
<span class="ft11">(g)</span><span class="ft22">explain the role of </span><nobr>membrane-bound</nobr> receptors as sites where hormones and drugs can bind;</div>
<div class="p49 ft5">
Hormones are used in cell signalling. The Target
Cells have a receptor which is complementary to the hormone, meaning
that it can bind to the receptor cells, triggering the desired internal
response.</div>
<div class="p50 ft5">
Drugs have also been developed which bind to the receptor molecules on cells. <nobr>Beta-blockers</nobr>
are used to prevent a muscle from increasing the heart rate to a
dangerous level, and some drugs used to treat schizophrenia mimic a
natural neurotransmitter which some individuals cannot produce.</div>
<div class="p51 ft5">
<span class="ft11">(h)</span><span class="ft22">explain what is meant by</span></div>
<div class="p22 ft5">
Passive transport (diffusion and facilitated diffusion including the role of membrane proteins),</div>
<div class="p52 ft5">
Passive transport is the transport of a molecule
without using energy. Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from a
region of high concentration of the molecule to an area of lower
concentration of the molecule down a concentration gradient.</div>
<div class="p53 ft5">
Large and charged molecules need to be transported
across the phospholipid bilayer, they can’t just diffuse across. They
travel either through channel proteins, which are shaped to allow only
one molecule through and are often gated, or carrier proteins, whose
shape can fit a specific molecule, and they then change shape to allow
the molecule through to the other side of the membrane.</div>
<div class="p54 ft5">
Active transport</div>
<div class="p8 ft1">
The movement of molecules or ions across membranes, using ATP to drive ‘protein pumps’ within the membrane</div>
<div class="p22 ft5">
Endocytosis</div>
<div class="p22 ft1">
When large quantities of a material are brought into the cell. Uses ATP.</div>
<div class="p24 ft5">
Exocytosis;</div>
<div class="p22 ft1">
When large quantites of a material are moved out of the cell. Uses ATP.</div>
<div class="p9 ft5">
<span class="ft5">(i)</span><span class="ft23">explain what is meant by osmosis, in terms of water potential. (No calculations of water potential will be required);</span></div>
<div class="p55 ft5">
The movement of water molecules from a region of
higher water potential to a region of lower water potential across a
partially permeable membrane</div>
<div class="p9 ft24">
<span class="ft24">(i)</span><span class="ft25">recognise and explain the effects that solutions of different water potentials can have upon plant and animal cells</span></div>
<div class="p40 ft1">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="t2">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tr0 td8"><div class="p6 ft26">
Type of cell</div>
</td>
<td class="tr0 td9"><div class="p4 ft26">
Pure water (high water potential)</div>
</td>
<td class="tr0 td2"><div class="p4 ft26">
Solution with a v <nobr>–ive</nobr> water potential</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr3 td10"><div class="p6 ft26">
Animal</div>
</td>
<td class="tr3 td11"><div class="p4 ft26">
Water moves in. Cell bursts-</div>
</td>
<td class="tr3 td12"><div class="p4 ft26">
Water moves out. Cell is crenated</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr2 td13"><div class="p3 ft4">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="tr2 td14"><div class="p4 ft26">
haemolysed</div>
</td>
<td class="tr2 td5"><div class="p3 ft4">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr1 td13"><div class="p6 ft2">
Plant</div>
</td>
<td class="tr1 td14"><div class="p4 ft26">
Water moves in. Cell is tugid</div>
</td>
<td class="tr1 td5"><div class="p4 ft27">
Water moves out. Cell is plasmolysed.</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /><div>
<div id="id_1">
<div class="p0 ft0">
Cells, Exchange and Transport</div>
<div class="p1 ft1">
Cell Division, Cell Diversity and Cellular Organisation</div>
<div class="p56 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(a)</span><span class="ft12">state
that mitosis occupies only a small percentage of the cell cycle and that
the remaining percentage includes the copying and checking of genetic
information;</span></div>
<div class="p57 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(b)</span><span class="ft12">describe,
with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the main stages of mitosis
(behaviour of the chromosomes, nuclear envelope, cell membrane and
centrioles);</span></div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">In Interphase </span><nobr>(Pre-Mitosis):</nobr></div>
<div class="p58 ft1">
<span class="ft28">o</span><span class="ft29">The DNA replicates.</span></div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">In Prophase:</span></div>
<div class="p58 ft1">
<span class="ft28">o</span><span class="ft29">The chromosomes supercoil & become visible under a light microscope.</span></div>
<div class="p58 ft1">
<span class="ft28">o</span><span class="ft29">The nuclear envelope breaks down.</span></div>
<div class="p30 ft1">
<span class="ft28">o</span><span class="ft29">The centriole divides in two and move to opposite ends of the cell to form a spindle.</span></div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">In Metaphase:</span></div>
<div class="p58 ft1">
<span class="ft28">o</span><span class="ft29">The chromosomes like up along the middle of the cell.</span></div>
<div class="p58 ft1">
<span class="ft28">o</span><span class="ft29">They attach to a spindle thread by their centromere.</span></div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">In Anaphase:</span></div>
<div class="p58 ft1">
<span class="ft28">o</span><span class="ft29">The replicated sister chromatides are separated when the centromere splits.</span></div>
<div class="p30 ft1">
<span class="ft28">o</span><span class="ft29">The spindle fibres shorten, pulling the chromatids apart.</span></div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">In Telophase:</span></div>
<div class="p58 ft1">
<span class="ft28">o</span><span class="ft29">As the separated sister Chromatids reach the poles of the cells.</span></div>
<div class="p58 ft1">
<span class="ft28">o</span><span class="ft29">A new nuclear envelope forms around each set.</span></div>
<div class="p30 ft1">
<span class="ft28">o</span><span class="ft29">The spindle breaks down.</span></div>
<div class="p58 ft1">
<span class="ft28">o</span><span class="ft29">The Chromosomes uncoil so they are no longer visible under a light microscope.</span></div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">In Cytokinesis </span><nobr>(Post-mitosis):</nobr></div>
<div class="p59 ft1">
<span class="ft28">o</span><span class="ft29">The whole cell splits to down two new cells, each one identical to each other and to the parent cell.</span></div>
<div class="p12 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(b)</span><span class="ft9">explain the meaning of the term homologous pair of chromosomes;</span></div>
<div class="p60 ft1">
Chromosomes that have the same genes at the same
loci. Members of a homologous pair of chromosomes pair up during
meiosis. Diploid organisms produced by sexual reproduction have
homologous pairs of choromosomes- one member of each pair from the
mother and one from the father.</div>
<div class="p12 ft1">
<span class="ft7">(c)</span><span class="ft8">explain the significance of mitosis for growth, repair and asexual reproduction in plants and animals;</span></div>
<div class="p61 ft1">
Growth- multicellular organisms produce new extra
cells to grow. Each new cell is genetically identical to the parents
cell, and so can perform the same function</div>
<div class="p62 ft1">
Repair- damaged cells need to be replaced by new ones
that perform the same functions and so need to the genetically
identical to the parent cell, as with growth.</div>
<div class="p63 ft1">
Asexual reproduction- single celled organisms divide
to produce two daughter cells that are separate organisms. Some
multicellular organisms produce offspring from parts of the parent.</div>
<div class="p12 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(d)</span><span class="ft9">outline, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the process of cell division by budding in yeast;</span></div>
<div class="p31 ft1">
Yeast cells undergo cytokinesis by producing a small ‘bud’ that nips of the cell, a process called budding.</div>
<div class="p9 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(f)</span><span class="ft12">state that cells produced as a result of meiosis are not genetically identical (details of meiosis are not required);</span></div>
<div class="p12 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(g)</span><span class="ft12">define the term stem cell;</span></div>
<div class="p64 ft1">
Undifferentiated cells that are capable of becoming differentiated to a number of possible cell types.</div>
<div class="p65 ft11">
(h) define the term differentiation, with reference
to the production of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and neutrophils
derived from stem cells in bone marrow, and the production of xylem
vessels and phloem sieve tubes from cambium;</div>
<div class="p66 ft1">
The changes occurring in the cells of a multicellular
organism so that each different type of cell becomes specialised to
perform a specific function.</div>
<div class="p67 ft1">
Erythrocytes and neutrophils both originate as
undifferentiated stem cells in bone marrow. The cells destined to become
erythrocytes lose their nucleus, golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic
reticulum. They are filled with haemoglobin, the shape of the cell
changes to become a biconclave disc so that it is capable of
transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues.</div>
<div class="p68 ft1">
The cells destined to become neutrophils keep their
nucleus; a huge number of lysosomes are produced, so their cytoplasm
appears granular. The lysosomes contain enzymes so that the neutrophil
can ingest invading microorganisms.</div>
<div class="p69 ft1">
Xylem and phloem both come from meristem cells.</div>
<div class="p70 ft7">
In xylem, the meristem cells elongate and the walls
become elongated and waterproofed by deposits of lignin, which kills the
cell contents. The ends of the cell break down so they become long
tubes with wide lumen. They are suited to transporting water and
minerals up the plant, and also support the plant.</div>
<div class="p71 ft1">
In the phloem, the cells also elongate, but their
ends do not break down completely, but form sieve plates between the
cells. Next to each sieve plate is a companion cell which is very
metabolically active and used in moving the products of photosynthesis
up and down the plant.</div>
<div class="p71 ft1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p72 ft1">
(i) describe and explain, with the aid of diagrams
and photographs, how cells of multicellular organisms are specialised
for particular functions, with reference to</div>
<div class="p64 ft5">
erythrocytes (red blood cells),</div>
<div class="p73 ft7">
Biconclave disc shape to maximise surface area No nucleus = more room for haemoglobin</div>
<div class="p74 ft1">
neutrophils,</div>
<div class="p75 ft1">
Flexible shape to engulf foreign particles or pathogens</div>
<div class="p76 ft1">
Many lysosomes contain digestive enzymes to break down the engulfed particles epithelial cells,</div>
<div class="p77 ft1">
Some have cilia to move particles</div>
<div class="p78 ft1">
Some have mnicrovilli to increase surface area sperm cells,</div>
<div class="p77 ft1">
Organelle content</div>
<div class="p79 ft1">
Many mitochondria to generate energy for movement of undulipodium</div>
<div class="p80 ft1">
Specialised lysosome in sperm head which contains an enzyme specialised to break down the egg wall</div>
<div class="p77 ft1">
Shape</div>
<div class="p81 ft1">
Very small, long and thin to help in easing their movement Undulipodium to move</div>
<div class="p77 ft1">
Content</div>
<div class="p82 ft1">
Nucleus contains half to number of chromosomes of an adult cell in order to fulfil its role as a gamete.</div>
<div class="p69 ft1">
palisade cells,</div>
<div class="p75 ft1">
Contain chloroplasts to absorb light</div>
<div class="p83 ft1">
Thin walls so that Carbon dioxide can diffuse in root hair cells</div>
<div class="p84 ft1">
Hair like projections to increase surface area to absorb water and minerals from the soil. guard cells;</div>
<div class="p75 ft1">
Thin outer wall, thick inner wall.</div>
<div class="p75 ft1">
In light they absorb water to become turgid and allow exchange of gases.</div>
<div class="p85 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(j)</span><span class="ft30">explain the meaning of the terms tissue,</span></div>
<div class="p58 ft1">
A group of similar cells that perform a particular function</div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
organ</div>
<div class="p86 ft1">
A collection of tissues that work together to form a specific overall function or set of functions within a multicellular organ</div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
organ system</div>
<div class="p58 ft1">
A number of organs working together to form a life function</div>
<div class="p87 ft1">
<span class="ft7">(k)</span><span class="ft8">explain,
with the aid of diagrams and photographs, how cells are organised into
tissues, using squamous and ciliated epithelia, xylem and phloem as
examples;</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
There are four main types of animal tissue:</div>
<div class="p29 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Epithelial tissue</span></div>
<div class="p88 ft1">
<span class="ft28">o</span><span class="ft29">Layers and linings</span></div>
<div class="p30 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Connective tissues</span></div>
<div class="p88 ft1">
<span class="ft28">o</span><span class="ft29">Hold structures together and provide support</span></div>
<div class="p30 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Muscle tissue</span></div>
<div class="p88 ft1">
<span class="ft28">o</span><span class="ft29">Cells specialised to contract and move parts of the body</span></div>
<div class="p30 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Nervous tissue</span></div>
<div class="p89 ft1">
<span class="ft28">o</span><span class="ft29">Cells that convert stimuli to electrical impulses and conduct those impulses.</span></div>
<div class="p64 ft1">
Within these main types, there are smaller groups of tissues</div>
<div class="p64 ft1">
Squamous epithelial tissue</div>
<div class="p90 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Flattened cells that form a thin, smooth, flat surface.</span></div>
<div class="p90 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Line the insides of tubes such as blood vessels</span></div>
<div class="p90 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Also form thin walls</span></div>
<div class="p91 ft1">
<span class="ft28">o</span><span class="ft29">Alveoli</span></div>
<div class="p90 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Held in place by basement membrane</span></div>
<div class="p92 ft1">
<span class="ft28">o</span><span class="ft29">Made of collagen and glycoproteins</span></div>
<div class="p71 ft1">
</div>
<div class="p91 ft1">
<span class="ft28">o</span><span class="ft29">Secreted by epithelial calls</span></div>
<div class="p91 ft1">
<span class="ft29"><br /></span></div>
<div class="p91 ft1">
<span class="ft29"></span></div>
<div id="id_1">
<div class="p0 ft0">
Cells, Exchange and Transport</div>
<div class="p64 ft1">
Ciliated epithelial tissue</div>
<div class="p93 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Column- shaped</span></div>
<div class="p90 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Exposed surface covered with cilia</span></div>
<div class="p94 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Move in synchronised waves</span></div>
<div class="p93 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Found on surface of tubes (e.g. bronchi, oviduct)</span></div>
<div class="p90 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Waft mucus in lungs, egg in oviduct</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
Xylem</div>
<div class="p90 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Composed of xylem vessel cells and parenchyma cells</span></div>
<div class="p90 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Parenchyma cells fill the gaps between xylem vessels to provide support</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
Phloem</div>
<div class="p90 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Comprises of sieve tubes and companion cells</span></div>
<div class="p95 ft1">
<span class="ft16">•</span><span class="ft17">Companion cells are highly metabolically active, moving products of photosynthesis up and down the phloem.</span></div>
<div class="p12 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(l)</span><span class="ft18">discuss the importance of cooperation between cells, tissues, organs and organ systems</span></div>
<div class="p96 ft1">
Movement: the muscular and skeletal system must work
together for movement to take place, but this can only happen if the
nervous system ‘instructs’ muscles to coordinate their actions. As
muscles and nerves work, they use energy, so they require a supply of
nutrients and oxygen from the circulatory system, which in turn receives
the chemicals from the digestive and ventilation systems.</div>
<div class="p96 ft1">
<br /></div>
<div id="id_1">
<div class="p0 ft0">
Cells, Exchange and Transport</div>
<div class="p1 ft1">
Exchange Surfaces and Breathing</div>
<div class="p97 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(a)</span><span class="ft9">explain, in terms of surface area:volume ratio, why multicellular organisms need specialised exchange surfaces and </span><nobr>single-celled</nobr> organisms do not;</div>
<div class="p98 ft31">
Organisms need to absorb certain substances, (e.g.
oxygen, glucose, proteins, fats, water and minerals) from the
surrounding environment and remove waste products (carbon dioxide,
oxygen and other wastes). Single celled organisms have a large <nobr>surface-area-to-volume</nobr> ratio so they can exchange the necessary gases, nutrients and wastes.</div>
<div class="p99 ft32">
Multicellular organisms not only need more supplies as they have more cells, but they also have a smaller <nobr>surface-area-to-volume</nobr>
ratio, meaning that the outer surface is not large enough to enable
gases and nutrients to enter the body fast enough to keep all of the
cells alive.</div>
<div class="p17 ft33">
Nutrients and gases also have to travel a larger distance to the centre of the organism.</div>
<div class="p100 ft34">
So, larger organisms need a large area to exchange
more substances, so often they combine this with a transport system to
move substances around the body.</div>
<div class="p101 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(b)</span><span class="ft9">describe
the features of an efficient exchange surface, with reference to
diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across an alveolus;</span></div>
<div class="p102 ft33">
Large surface area to provide more space for molecules to pass through Thin barrier to reduce the diffusion distance</div>
<div class="p17 ft33">
Fresh supply of molecules on one side to maintain the diffusion gradient</div>
<div class="p103 ft32">
Carbon dioxide is brought in the blood to the
lungs. The concentration is higher in the blood than in the alveoli, so
it diffuses across.</div>
<div class="p104 ft33">
Breathing fills the lungs with air, so there is
more oxygen in the alveolus than in the blood Removal of required
molecules on the other side to maintain the steep diffusion gradient</div>
<div class="p105 ft33">
Blood carries oxygen away from the lungs Breathing removes Carbon Dioxide from the lungs</div>
<div class="p51 ft24">
<span class="ft35">(c)</span><span class="ft36">describe the features of the mammalian lung that adapt it to efficient gaseous exchange;</span></div>
<div class="p64 ft38">
Many, many alveoli meaning that the total surface area is about 70m<span class="ft37">2</span>.</div>
<div class="p64 ft33">
Alveolus wall is one cell thick</div>
<div class="p64 ft33">
Capillary wall is one cell thick</div>
<div class="p64 ft33">
Both walls consist of squamous cells</div>
<div class="p64 ft34">
Capillaries in close contact with the alveolus wall</div>
<div class="p64 ft33">
Narrow capillaries</div>
<div class="p75 ft33">
Red blood cells are closer to the capillary wall</div>
<div class="p79 ft34">
Closer to air in the alveoli</div>
<div class="p75 ft33">
Reducing the rate at which the red blood cells flow past in the blood</div>
<div class="p64 ft34">
Total barrier is only two flattened cells, or 1μm thick</div>
<div class="p106 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(d)</span><span class="ft9">describe,
with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the distribution of
cartilage, ciliated epithelium, goblet cells, smooth muscle and elastic
fibres in the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli of the mammalian
gaseous exchange system;</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft33">
The trachea and bronchi have a similar structure, but the bronchi are narrower than the trachea</div>
<div class="p107 ft33">
Thick walls made of several layers of tissue Much of the wall consists of cartilage</div>
<div class="p108 ft33">
Regular <nobr>C-rings</nobr> in the trachea Less regular in the bronchi</div>
<div class="p109 ft32">
On the inside surface of the cartilage is a layer
of glandular tissue, connective tissue, elastic fibres, smooth muscle
and blood vessels</div>
<div class="p110 ft33">
The inner layer is an epithelium layer than has two
types of cells. Most of the cells are ciliated epithelium, and there
are goblet cells amongst them</div>
<div class="p64 ft34">
Bronchioles</div>
<div class="p75 ft33">
Much narrower than the bronchi</div>
<div class="p111 ft33">
Larger bronchioles have some cartilage, but the smaller ones don’t. The wall is made mostly of smooth muscle and elastic fibres</div>
<div class="p69 ft33">
Alveoli</div>
<div class="p112 ft33">
Wall is one cell thick <nobr>100-300μm</nobr> diameter Good blood supply</div>
<div class="p112 ft33">
<br /></div>
<div id="id_1">
<div class="p0 ft0">
Cells, Exchange and Transport</div>
<div class="p113 ft39">
(e) describe the functions of cartilage,</div>
<div class="p77 ft7">
Structure.</div>
<div class="p79 ft7">
Holds the trachea and bronchi open</div>
<div class="p79 ft7">
Prevents collapse when the air pressure is low during inhalation</div>
<div class="p64 ft39">
cilia,</div>
<div class="p114 ft7">
Move in a synchronised pattern to waft mucus up the
airway to the back of the throat. Once there, the mucus is swallowed and
the acidity of the stomach will kill any bacteria</div>
<div class="p64 ft39">
goblet cells,</div>
<div class="p75 ft7">
Secrete mucus.</div>
<div class="p115 ft39">
Traps tiny particles from the air Reduces risk of infection</div>
<div class="p69 ft7">
smooth muscle</div>
<div class="p75 ft39">
Can contract to restrict airway</div>
<div class="p79 ft7">
Prevents harmful substances from reaching the alveoli</div>
<div class="p116 ft7">
elastic fibres</div>
<div class="p75 ft39">
Reverses the effect of the smooth muscle</div>
<div class="p117 ft7">
When the smooth muscle constricts it deforms the
elastic fibres. As the smooth muscle relaxes, the elastic fibres recoil
to their original size and shape, helping to dilate the airway</div>
<div class="p118 ft39">
in the mammalian gaseous exchange system;</div>
<div class="p119 ft39">
<span class="ft39">(f)</span><span class="ft40">outline
the mechanism of breathing (inspiration and expiration) in mammals,
with reference to the function of the rib cage, intercostal muscles and
diaphragm;</span></div>
<div class="p18 ft7">
Inspiration</div>
<div class="p120 ft7">
<span class="ft11">1.</span><span class="ft41">Diaphragm contracts to becoming flatter, pushing digestive muscles down</span></div>
<div class="p120 ft39">
<span class="ft11">2.</span><span class="ft42">External intercostal muscles contract to raise ribs</span></div>
<div class="p120 ft7">
<span class="ft11">3.</span><span class="ft43">Volume of chest cavity increases</span></div>
<div class="p120 ft7">
<span class="ft11">4.</span><span class="ft43">Pressure in chest cavity drops below atmospheric pressure</span></div>
<div class="p120 ft39">
<span class="ft11">5.</span><span class="ft42">Air moves into lungs</span></div>
<div class="p64 ft7">
Expiration</div>
<div class="p94 ft7">
<span class="ft11">1.</span><span class="ft44">Diaphragm relaxes and is pushed up by displaced organs underneath</span></div>
<div class="p94 ft39">
<span class="ft11">2.</span><span class="ft45">External intercostal muscles relax and ribs fall</span></div>
<div class="p94 ft7">
<span class="ft11">3.</span><span class="ft44">Volume of chest cavity decreases</span></div>
<div class="p94 ft7">
<span class="ft11">4.</span><span class="ft44">Pressure in lungs increases and rises about atmospheric pressure</span></div>
<div class="p94 ft7">
<span class="ft11">5.</span><span class="ft44">Air moves out of lungs</span></div>
<div class="p121 ft39">
<span class="ft11">(g)</span><span class="ft42">explain the meanings of the terms tidal volume</span></div>
<div class="p122 ft7">
The volume of air moved in and out of the lungs during breathing when at rest vital capacity</div>
<div class="p58 ft7">
The largest volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs in any one breath</div>
<div class="p123 ft39">
(g) describe how a spirometer can be used to measure</div>
<div class="p124 ft39">
A spirometer consists of a chamber filled with
oxygen floating on a tank of water. A person breaths from a mouthpiece
attached to a tube connected to the oxygen tank. Breathing in takes
oxygen from the chamber so it sinks down, and breathing out pushing air
back into the chamber which floats up. The movements of the chamber is
recorded using a datalogger.</div>
<div class="p125 ft39">
vital capacity,</div>
<div class="p126 ft7">
Asking a person to breathe in and out as much as they can tidal volume,</div>
<div class="p127 ft39">
Asking a person to breathe normally breathing rate</div>
<div class="p128 ft7">
Asking a person to breathe normally, and then
dividing the number of breathes by the time in minutes to calculate the
number of breaths per minute</div>
<div class="p64 ft46">
oxygen uptake;</div>
<div class="p75 ft7">
Divide (the amount of oxygen (dm<span class="ft47">3</span>) times 60) by the time taken in seconds.</div>
<div class="p129 ft7">
(i) analyse and interpret data from a spirometer.</div>
<div class="p129 ft7">
<br /></div>
<div id="id_1">
<div class="p0 ft0">
Cells, Exchange and Transport</div>
<div class="p1 ft1">
Transport in Animals</div>
<div class="p130 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(a)</span><span class="ft8">explain the need for transport systems in multicellular animals in terms of size,</span></div>
<div class="p131 ft1">
Once an animal has several layers of cells any
oxygen or nutrients diffusing in form the outside will be used up by the
other layers of cells and the cells deeper in the body will not get any
oxygen or nutrients.</div>
<div class="p19 ft5">
level of activity</div>
<div class="p132 ft1">
If an animal is very active then it will need a good supply of nutrients and oxygen to supply the energy for movement.</div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
surface area:volume ratio;</div>
<div class="p133 ft1">
To allow animals to grow to a large size, it needs a
range of tissues and structural support to give the body strength.
Their volume increases as the body gets thicker, but the surface area
does not increase as much. So the <nobr>surface-area-to-volume</nobr>
ratio of a large animal is relatively small. Larger animals do not have a
large enough surface area to supply all of the oxygen and nutrients
that they need.</div>
<div class="p51 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(b)</span><span class="ft9">explain the meaning of the terms</span></div>
<div class="p64 ft1">
single circulatory system</div>
<div class="p134 ft1">
A circulation in which the blood flows through the heart once during each circulation of the body e.g. fish</div>
<div class="p135 ft1">
double circulatory system</div>
<div class="p136 ft1">
A circulation in which the blood flows through the heart twice during each complete circulation of the body e.g. mammals</div>
<div class="p137 ft1">
with reference to the circulatory systems of fish and mammals;</div>
<div class="p138 ft7">
(c) explain the meaning of the terms Open circulatory system</div>
<div class="p139 ft1">
The blood is not always in vessels e.g. insects</div>
<div class="p135 ft1">
Closed circulatory system,</div>
<div class="p140 ft1">
The blood is always in vessels e.g. fish</div>
<div class="p137 ft1">
with reference to the circulatory systems of insects and fish;</div>
<div class="p9 ft5">
<span class="ft5">(d)</span><span class="ft6">describe, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the external and internal structure of the mammalian heart;</span></div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
External</div>
<div class="p141 ft1">
The largest parts of the heart are the ventricles.
Above the ventricles les the atria which are much smaller. The coronary
arteries lie over the surface of the heart and carry oxygenated blood to
the heart muscle.</div>
<div class="p142 ft1">
At the top of the heart are the veins that carry blood to the heart, and arteries that carry blood away from the heard.</div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
Internal</div>
<div class="p58 ft1">
Divided into four chambers.</div>
<div class="p136 ft1">
The two upper chambers are atria which receive blood
from the major veins (deoxygenated blood from the body flows into right
atrium from the vena cava, and oxygenated blood flows from the lungs
into the left atrium).</div>
<div class="p143 ft1">
The two lower chambers are the ventricles. They are
separated from each other by the septum and from the atria by the
atrioventricular valves which prevent the blood from flowing the wrong
way. These are attached to tendinous cords which prevent the valves from
turning inside out.</div>
<div class="p144 ft1">
<span class="ft11">(e)</span><span class="ft8">explain,
with the aid of diagrams, the differences in the thickness of the walls
of the different chambers of the heart in terms of their functions;</span></div>
<div class="p145 ft1">
The walls of the atria are very thin. They do not
need to create much pressure are they are only pushing the blood into
the ventricles</div>
<div class="p146 ft1">
The walls of the right ventricle are thicker than
the atria as only need to pump blood to the lungs. The blood vessels of
the lungs are also very thin, so they would burst of the blood was under
too much pressure.</div>
<div class="p147 ft1">
The walls of the left ventricle are two or three
times thicker than the right as the blood is pumped around the entire
body and so needs to be under high pressure.</div>
<div class="p147 ft1">
<br /></div>
<div id="id_1">
<div class="p0 ft0">
Cells, Exchange and Transport</div>
<div class="p12 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(f)</span><span class="ft13">describe the cardiac cycle, with reference to the action of the valves in the heart;</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft33">
<span class="ft33">1.</span><span class="ft48">When both the atria and the ventricles are relaxed, blood flows into the atria from the major veins.</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft33">
<span class="ft33">2.</span><span class="ft48">The blood flows through the atrioventricular valves into the ventricles</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft34">
<span class="ft34">3.</span><span class="ft49">The atria contract simultaneously, pushing blood into the ventricles</span></div>
<div class="p148 ft32">
<span class="ft32">4.</span><span class="ft50">Blood fills the atrioventricular valve, causing them to snap shut and preventing the blood from flowing back into the ventricles</span></div>
<div class="p149 ft33">
<span class="ft33">5.</span><span class="ft48">When the pressure in the arteries is higher than the pressure in the ventricles, the semilunar valves shut</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft34">
<span class="ft34">6.</span><span class="ft49">The walls of the ventricles contract, starting from the bottom</span></div>
<div class="p150 ft33">
<span class="ft33">7.</span><span class="ft48">When
the pressure in the ventricles is higher than the pressure in the
arteries, the semilunar valves is pushed open and blood is pushed out of
the heart. The contraction only lasts for a short time</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft33">
<span class="ft33">8.</span><span class="ft48">The ventricles relax</span></div>
<div class="p151 ft32">
<span class="ft32">9.</span><span class="ft50">When the pressure in the ventricles drops to below that of the atria, the atrioventricular valves open again</span></div>
<div class="p152 ft34">
<span class="ft34">10.</span><span class="ft51">When the pressure in the ventricles drops to below that of the arteries, the semilunar vavles shut again</span></div>
<div class="p153 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(g)</span><span class="ft9">describe
how heart action is coordinated with reference to the sinoatrial node
(SAN), the atrioventricular node (AVN) and the Purkyne tissue;</span></div>
<div class="p154 ft32">
The SAN is the pacemaker, situated at the top of the right atrium. The SAN initiates a wave of excitation at regular intervals.</div>
<div class="p155 ft32">
The wave of excitation quickly travels over the walls of both atria. As it passes, it causes the muscle cells to contract.</div>
<div class="p156 ft33">
At the base of the atria is a disc of tissue that
cannot conduct the electrical impulse, so the only route through to the
ventricles is via the AVN, which is at the top of the septum.</div>
<div class="p157 ft32">
The excitation is delayed here to allow for the atria to finish contracting and for the blood to flow into the ventricles.</div>
<div class="p158 ft33">
The wave is then passes away from the AVN down
specialised conduction tissue known as Purkyne tissue. At the base of
the septum, the wave of excitation spreads out over the walls of the
ventricles.</div>
<div class="p159 ft32">
As the excitation spreads upwards from the apex,
the muscles contract, pushing blood up to the major arteries at the top
of the heart</div>
<div class="p160 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(h)</span><span class="ft12">interpret and explain electrocardiogram (ECG) traces, with reference to normal and abnormal heart activity;</span></div>
<div class="p9 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(i)</span><span class="ft12">describe, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the structures and functions of</span></div>
<div class="p64 ft1">
arteries,</div>
<div class="p161 ft33">
Carry blood at high pressure, so artery wall must be able to withstand the pressure Relatively small lumen to maintain pressure</div>
<div class="p162 ft31">
Relatively thick wall containing collagen to give
it strength to withstand high pressure The wall contains elastic tissue
that allows the wall to stretch and then recoil when the heart <nobr>pumps-this</nobr>
is a pulse. The recoil maintains the high pressure when the heart
relaxes The wall contains smooth muscle that can contract and constrict
the artery.</div>
<div class="p79 ft33">
The endothelium is folded and can unfold when the artery stretches.</div>
<div class="p163 ft1">
veins</div>
<div class="p164 ft33">
Carry blood at low pressure so the walls do not need to be thick Lumen is relatively large to ease the flow of blood</div>
<div class="p165 ft33">
The walls have thinner layers of collagen, smooth
muscle and elastic tissue. They do not need to stretch and recoil and
are not actively constricted to reduce blood flow.</div>
<div class="p166 ft33">
Contain valves to prevent blood flowing in the
wrong direction. As the walls are thin, the vein can be flattened by the
action of the surrounding skeletal muscles. Pressure is applied to the
blood, forcing it to move along in the direction dictated by the valves.</div>
<div class="p125 ft5">
capillaries;</div>
<div class="p167 ft33">
Walls consist of a single layer of flattened
endothelial cells that reduces the diffusion distance for the materials
being exchanged</div>
<div class="p168 ft32">
The lumen is the same diameter as a red blood cell
(about 7μm). This ensures that the red blood cells are squeezed as they
pass along the capillaries. The diffusion distance is shorter, so they
are more likely to give up their oxygen</div>
<div class="p168 ft32">
<br /></div>
<div id="id_1">
<div class="p0 ft0">
Cells, Exchange and Transport</div>
<div class="p169 ft26">
(j) explain the differences between blood, tissue fluid and lymph;</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="t3">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tr0 td15"><div class="p6 ft2">
Feature</div>
</td>
<td class="tr0 td16"><div class="p4 ft2">
Blood</div>
</td>
<td class="tr0 td17"><div class="p4 ft2">
Tissue Fluid</div>
</td>
<td class="tr0 td16"><div class="p4 ft2">
Lymph</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr1 td18"><div class="p6 ft2">
Cells</div>
</td>
<td class="tr1 td19"><div class="p4 ft2">
Erythrocytes, Leucocytes</div>
</td>
<td class="tr1 td20"><div class="p4 ft2">
Some phagocytic white</div>
</td>
<td class="tr1 td19"><div class="p4 ft2">
Lymphocytes</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr2 td21"><div class="p3 ft4">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="tr2 td22"><div class="p4 ft2">
and platelets</div>
</td>
<td class="tr2 td23"><div class="p4 ft2">
blood cells</div>
</td>
<td class="tr2 td22"><div class="p3 ft4">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr1 td18"><div class="p6 ft2">
Proteins</div>
</td>
<td class="tr1 td19"><div class="p4 ft2">
Hormones and plasma</div>
</td>
<td class="tr1 td20"><div class="p4 ft2">
Some hormones, proteins</div>
</td>
<td class="tr1 td19"><div class="p4 ft2">
Some proteins</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr4 td21"><div class="p3 ft4">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="tr4 td22"><div class="p4 ft2">
proteins</div>
</td>
<td class="tr4 td23"><div class="p4 ft2">
secreted by body cells</div>
</td>
<td class="tr4 td22"><div class="p3 ft4">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr5 td18"><div class="p6 ft26">
Fats</div>
</td>
<td class="tr5 td19"><div class="p4 ft2">
Some transported as</div>
</td>
<td class="tr5 td20"><div class="p4 ft2">
None</div>
</td>
<td class="tr5 td19"><div class="p4 ft2">
More than in blood</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr0 td18"><div class="p3 ft4">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="tr0 td19"><div class="p4 ft5">
lipoproteins</div>
</td>
<td class="tr0 td20"><div class="p3 ft4">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="tr0 td19"><div class="p3 ft4">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr6 td21"><div class="p3 ft52">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="tr6 td22"><div class="p3 ft52">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="tr6 td23"><div class="p3 ft52">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td class="tr6 td22"><div class="p3 ft52">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr0 td21"><div class="p6 ft2">
Glucose</div>
</td>
<td class="tr0 td22"><div class="p4 ft1">
<nobr>80-120mg</nobr> per 100cm<span class="ft37">3</span></div>
</td>
<td class="tr0 td23"><div class="p4 ft5">
Less</div>
</td>
<td class="tr0 td22"><div class="p4 ft5">
Less</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr1 td21"><div class="p6 ft2">
Amino acids</div>
</td>
<td class="tr1 td22"><div class="p4 ft5">
More</div>
</td>
<td class="tr1 td23"><div class="p4 ft5">
Less</div>
</td>
<td class="tr1 td22"><div class="p4 ft5">
Less</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr2 td21"><div class="p6 ft26">
Oxygen</div>
</td>
<td class="tr2 td22"><div class="p4 ft2">
More</div>
</td>
<td class="tr2 td23"><div class="p4 ft2">
Less</div>
</td>
<td class="tr2 td22"><div class="p4 ft2">
Less</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr0 td21"><div class="p6 ft26">
Carbon dioxide</div>
</td>
<td class="tr0 td22"><div class="p4 ft2">
Little</div>
</td>
<td class="tr0 td23"><div class="p4 ft2">
More</div>
</td>
<td class="tr0 td22"><div class="p4 ft2">
More</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="p170 ft1">
(k) describe how tissue fluid is formed from plasma;</div>
<div class="p171 ft1">
At the arterial end of a capillary, the blood is
under high pressure due to contractions of the heart (hydrostatic
pressure). It will tend to push the blood fluid out of the capillaries.
It can leave through tiny gaps in the capillary wall. The fluid consists
of plasma with dissolved nutrients and oxygen.</div>
<div class="p137 ft1">
(l) describe the role of haemoglobin in carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide;</div>
<div class="p64 ft1">
Oxygen</div>
<div class="p136 ft1">
Haemoglobin consists of four subunits. Each subunit
consists of a polypeptide and a haem group. The haem group contains one
iron ion, Fe<span class="ft37">2+</span>. Because the iron ion attracts
oxygen, it is said to have an affinity for it. A molecule of
haemoglobin, and therefore a red blood cell, can hold four molecules of
oxygen.</div>
<div class="p172 ft1">
Haemoglobin can take up oxygen in a way that produces an <nobr>S-shaped</nobr> curve. This is called the <span class="ft53">Oxygen Dissociation Curve</span>.
At a low oxygen tension the haemoglobin does not readily take up
oxygen. This is because it is difficult for the oxygen molecule to reach
the haem group, due to it being in the centre of the blood cell.</div>
<div class="p173 ft1">
When the oxygen tension rises, the diffusion
gradient into the haemoglobin molecule steeply rises. Once one molecule
of oxygen has associated with a haem group, the shape of the haemoglobin
molecule slightly changes, making it easier for the second the third
molecules of associate. The change in the shape is known as the
‘conformational change’.</div>
<div class="p174 ft1">
But, once the haemoglobin molecule contains three
oxygen molecules, it is difficult for the forth to associate with the
last haem group. This means that it is difficult to achieve 100%
saturation, even at high oxygen pressures. A consequence of this is that
the curve levels off again, meaning that the graph is <nobr>S-shaped.</nobr> Carbon Dioxide</div>
<div class="p175 ft1">
5% dissolves in the plasma</div>
<div class="p175 ft1">
10% combines with haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglobin</div>
<div class="p79 ft1">
85% is transported as hydrogencarbonate ions</div>
<div class="p176 ft7">
As Carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood, some of
it enters the red blood cells and combines with water to form carbonic
acid, catalysed by carbonic anhydrase.</div>
<div class="p177 ft1">
CO<span class="ft54">2 </span>+ H<span class="ft54">2</span>O → H<span class="ft54">2</span>CO<span class="ft54">3</span></div>
<div class="p178 ft1">
This carbonic acid then dissociates to form Hydrogen ions and Hydrogencarbonate</div>
<div class="p178 ft26">
ions</div>
<div class="p179 ft1">
H<span class="ft54">2</span>CO<span class="ft54">3</span>→ H<span class="ft37">+ </span>+ HCO<span class="ft54">3</span><span class="ft37">-</span></div>
<div class="p180 ft1">
The Hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse out of the red blood cell. The charge in the red blood cell is maintained by the <span class="ft53">Chloride Shift</span>; the movement for Chloride ions into the cell.</div>
<div class="p181 ft1">
Hydrogen ions could cause the contents of the cell
to become very acidic, so the haemoglobin acts as a buffer. They
oxyhaemoglobin dissociates, and the hydrogen ions are taken up by the
haemoglobin to form haemoglobonic acid.</div>
<div class="p182 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(m)</span><span class="ft55">describe
and explain the significance of the dissociation curves of adult
oxyhaemoglobin at different carbon dioxide levels (the Bohr effect); `</span></div>
<div class="p98 ft1">
When tissues are respiring more, there will be more
carbon dioxide, and therefore more Hydrogen ions. This means that more
oxygen will be released from oxyhaemoglobin into the tissues. So, when
more carbon dioxide is present, the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve
shifts down and to the right.</div>
<div class="p12 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(n)</span><span class="ft9">explain the significance of the different affinities of fetal haemoglobin and adult haemoglobin for oxygen</span></div>
<div class="p183 ft1">
Fetal haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen
than the haemoglobin of its mother. This is because the fetal
haemoglobin must be able to ‘pick up’ oxygen from the haemoglobin from
its mother. This reduces the oxygen tension within the blood fluid, so
the maternal blood release oxygen.</div>
<div class="p183 ft1">
<br /></div>
<div id="id_1">
<div class="p0 ft0">
Cells, Exchange and Transport</div>
<div class="p184 ft1">
The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve for fetal haemoglobin is to the left of the curve for adult haemoglobin.</div>
<div class="p185 ft1">
Transport in Plants</div>
<div class="p9 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(a)</span><span class="ft9">explain the need for transport systems in multicellular plants in terms of size and surface area:volume ratio;</span></div>
<div class="p186 ft1">
All living things need to take substances from, and
return wastes to, the environment. Every cell of a multicellular plant
needs a regular supply of water and nutrients. In large plants, the
epithelial cells could gain all they need by simple diffusion, as they
are close to the supply. But there are many cells inside the plant which
are further from the supply, and would not receive enough water or
nutrients to survive. One particular problem is that roots can obtain
water but not sugarsds, and leaves can produce sugars but cannot obtain
enough water from the air.</div>
<div class="p187 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(b)</span><span class="ft9">describe,
with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the distribution of xylem and
phloem tissue in roots, stems and leaves of dicotyledonous plants;</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
Roots</div>
<div class="p188 ft1">
In roots, the xylem is arranged in an X shape, with the phloem found between the arms of the xylem.</div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
Stem</div>
<div class="p189 ft7">
In the stem, the vascular bundles are found around
the outside of the stem in a ring shape. They xylem is on the inside,
with the phloem on the outside and they are separated by a layer of
cambium, a layer of meristem cells which can divide to produce new xylem
and phloem.</div>
<div class="p149 ft1">
Leaves</div>
<div class="p58 ft1">
They xylem is on top of the phloem in the ‘veins’ of a leaf</div>
<div class="p190 ft1">
<span class="ft7">(c)</span><span class="ft8">describe,
with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the structure and function of
xylem vessels, sieve tube elements and companion cells;</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
Xylem vessels</div>
<div class="p191 ft1">
Long, thick walls that have been impregnated by
ligin. As the xylem develops, the ligin waterproofs the walls of the
cell. Consequently, the cells die and their end walls and contents break
down. This leaves a long column of collow, dead cells. The ligin
strengthens the walls and prevents the vessel from collapsing- the
vessels stay open even when water is in short supply.</div>
<div class="p141 ft1">
The thickening of the ligin forms patters on the
cell walls. This prevents the vessel from becoming too rigid and allows
the stem or branch to be flexible.</div>
<div class="p192 ft1">
In some places the lignification is not complete.
Pits or Bordered Pits, like pores in the walls, are left which allow
water to leave the vessel to either join another vessel of pass into the
living parts of the cell.</div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
Sieve Tube elements</div>
<div class="p193 ft1">
They are not true cells as they contain very little
cytoplasm and no nucleus. They are lined up end to end to form a tube in
which sugars (usually in the form of sucrose) are transported. At
intervals, there are sieve plates- cross walls which are perforated,
which are at intervals down the tube. Sieve tubes have very thin walls
and are five or six sided.</div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
Companion cells</div>
<div class="p194 ft1">
These are between the sieve tubes. They have a dense
cytoplasm, a large nucleus and many mitochondria to produse ATP for
active processes. They use ATP as a source of energy to load sucrose
into the phloem. There are many plasmodesmata between the companion
cells and they sieve tube, which are gaps in the cell walls allowing
communication and flow of minerals between the cells.</div>
<div class="p51 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(d)</span><span class="ft9">define the term transpiration;</span></div>
<div class="p64 ft1">
The loss of water vapour from the aerial parts of a plant due to evaporation</div>
<div class="p123 ft5">
(e) explain why transpiration is a consequence of gaseous exchange;</div>
<div class="p195 ft1">
For the exchange of gases to occur, the stomata of plants must be open. This is an easy route by which water can be lost.</div>
<div class="p69 ft1">
To reduce this, plants have many structural and behavioural adaptations</div>
<div class="p75 ft1">
A waxy cuticle waterproofs the leaf preventing water loss through the epidermis</div>
<div class="p196 ft1">
The stomata are often on the underside of leaves, to
reduce evaporation due to direct heating Most stomata close at night-
there is no light, so no photosynthesis can occur, so no need for
gaseous exchange</div>
<div class="p197 ft1">
Deciduous plants lose their leaves in winter when
temperatures are too low for photosynthesis, and the ground may be
frozen, so less water is available, meaning that plants have to conserve
what they’ve got.</div>
<div class="p197 ft1">
<br /></div>
<div id="id_1">
<div class="p0 ft0">
Cells, Exchange and Transport</div>
<div class="p12 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(f)</span><span class="ft13">describe the factors that affect transpiration rate;</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
Number of leaves</div>
<div class="p198 ft1">
More leaves = large surface area which water can be lost from Number, size and position of stomata</div>
<div class="p199 ft7">
If leaves have many, large stomata water vapour is
lost more quickly If the stomata are on the lower surface, water loss is
slower</div>
<div class="p200 ft1">
Presence of cuticle</div>
<div class="p58 ft1">
A waxy cuticle prevents water loss from the leaf surface</div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
Light</div>
<div class="p201 ft1">
In light, the stomata open to allow gaseous exchange for photosynthesis Temperature</div>
<div class="p202 ft1">
Higher temperature will increase the rate of water loss Increase the rate of evaporation</div>
<div class="p203 ft1">
Increase the rate of diffusion as the water
molecules have more kinetic energy Decrease the relative water vapour
potential in the air, causing the rapid diffusion of molecules out of
the leaf</div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
Relative humidity</div>
<div class="p204 ft1">
Higher relative humidity in the air will decrease
the rate of water loss. This is because there will be a smaller water
potential gradient between the air spaces in the leaf and the air
outside.</div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
Air movement or wind</div>
<div class="p197 ft1">
Air moving outside the leaf will carry water vapour away from the leaf. This will maintain a high water potential gradient</div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
Water availability</div>
<div class="p205 ft1">
If there is little water in the soil, plants cannot
replace water lost, so water loss has to be reduce by closing the
stomata, or shedding leaves in winter</div>
<div class="p12 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(g)</span><span class="ft9">describe, with the aid of diagrams, how a potometer is used to estimate transpiration rates;</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
<span class="ft7">1.</span><span class="ft14">Cut healthy shoot underwater to stop air entering xylem</span></div>
<div class="p200 ft1">
<span class="ft7">2.</span><span class="ft14">Cut shoot at a slant to increase surface area</span></div>
<div class="p206 ft1">
<span class="ft7">3.</span><span class="ft14">Ensure apparatus is full of water and that there is only the desired air bubble</span></div>
<div class="p206 ft1">
<span class="ft7">4.</span><span class="ft14">Insert shoot into apparatus underwater</span></div>
<div class="p206 ft1">
<span class="ft7">5.</span><span class="ft14">Remove potometer form water and ensure it is airtight around the shoot</span></div>
<div class="p200 ft1">
<span class="ft7">6.</span><span class="ft14">Dry leaves</span></div>
<div class="p206 ft1">
<span class="ft7">7.</span><span class="ft14">Keep conditions constant to allow shoot to acclimatise</span></div>
<div class="p206 ft1">
<span class="ft7">8.</span><span class="ft14">Shut screw clip</span></div>
<div class="p200 ft1">
<span class="ft7">9.</span><span class="ft14">Keep scale fixed and record position of air bubble</span></div>
<div class="p206 ft1">
<span class="ft7">10.</span><span class="ft15">Start timing and measure distance moved per unit of time.</span></div>
<div class="p207 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(h)</span><span class="ft9">explain,
in terms of water potential, the movement of water between plant cells,
and between plant cells and their environment. (No calculations
involving water potential will be set);</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
Between plant cells</div>
<div class="p208 ft1">
Water passes from the cell with the higher (less
negative) water potential to the cell with the lower (more negative)
water potential.</div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
Between plant cells and their environment</div>
<div class="p209 ft7">
Water moves down the water potential gradient. If
the water potential inside the cell is greater than the water potential
outside the cell, water will move out of the cell by osmosis and vice
versa.</div>
<div class="p209 ft7">
<br /></div>
<div id="id_1">
<div class="p0 ft0">
Cells, Exchange and Transport</div>
<div class="p210 ft7">
<span class="ft11">(i)</span><span class="ft43">describe,
with the aid of diagrams, the pathway by which water is transported
from the root cortex to the air surrounding the leaves, with reference
to the; casparian strip, apoplast pathway, symplast pathway, xylem,
stomata;</span></div>
<div class="p211 ft1">
Water enters the root hair cells by osmosis. At the
same time, minerals are actively pumped from the root cortex into the
xylem. The consequence of this is that water moves from the root hair
cell along the symplast pathway to follow the xylem. The symplast
pathway is where water enters the cytoplasm and travels through the
plasodesma (gaps in the cell wall that contain fine strands of
cytoplasm). Water can move through the continuous strand of cytoplasm
from cell to cell. Water can also travel via the apoplast pathway, where
water travels between the cell walls without passing through any plasma
membranes. The Casparian strip blocks the apoplast pathway between the
cortex and the xylem meaning that, to reach to xylem, the water must
join the symplast pathway.</div>
<div class="p200 ft1">
When water reaches the top of the xylem, it enters the leaves, and leaves the leaves through the stomata</div>
<div class="p212 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(j)</span><span class="ft18">explain the mechanism by which water is transported from the root cortex to the air surrounding the leaves, with reference to</span></div>
<div class="p20 ft5">
adhesion,</div>
<div class="p213 ft1">
Water molecules in the xylem form hydrogen bonds
with the walls of the xylem vessel. Because the xylem vessels are
narrow, the hydrogen bonds can pull the water up the sides of the vessel</div>
<div class="p19 ft1">
Cohesion and the transpiration stream</div>
<div class="p214 ft1">
Water molecules are attracted to each other by the
forces of cohesion. These forces are strong enough to hold the molecules
together in a long chain. As molecules are lost from the top, the whole
column is pulled up as one chain. This is the transpiration stream</div>
<div class="p215 ft1">
<span class="ft7">(k)</span><span class="ft8">describe,
with the aid of diagrams and photographs, how the leaves of some
xerophytes are adapted to reduce water loss by transpiration;</span></div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
Smaller leaves- reduced surface area, so less water is lost by transpiration</div>
<div class="p216 ft1">
Densely packed spongy mesophyll- Reduced cell surface area is exposed to the air spaces. Thicker waxy cuticle</div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
Closing the stomata when water availability is low</div>
<div class="p217 ft1">
Hairs on the surface of the leaf- trap a layer of
air close to the surface which can become saturated with moisture and so
will reduce the diffusion of water out of the stomata as the water
vapour potential is low. Stomata in pits- as above</div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
Rolling the leaves so that the lower epidermis is not exposed to the atmosphere- as above</div>
<div class="p18 ft1">
Low water potential inside cells- water potential gradient between the cells and the air space is reduced.</div>
<div class="p218 ft1">
<span class="ft1">(l)</span><span class="ft18">explain translocation as an </span><nobr>energy-requiring</nobr> process transporting assimilates, especially sucrose, between sources (eg leaves) and sinks (eg roots, meristem);</div>
<div class="p17 ft1">
The source is where the sugars come from, and the sink is where they go to.</div>
<div class="p219 ft1">
Sugar is made in the leaves, so they are the source,
and transported to the roots, so they are the sink In early spring, the
leaves need energy to grow, so they sugars are transported from the
roots (now the source) to the leaves (now the sink)</div>
<div class="p219 ft1">
<br /></div>
<div id="id_1">
<div class="p0 ft0">
Cells, Exchange and Transport</div>
<div class="p220 ft1">
(m) describe, with the aid of diagrams, the
mechanism of transport in phloem involving: Active loading at the source
and removal at the sink,</div>
<div class="p221 ft1">
<span class="ft7">1.</span><span class="ft14">ATP is used by companion cells to actively transport protons out of the their cytoplasm and into the surrounding tissue</span></div>
<div class="p222 ft1">
<span class="ft7">2.</span><span class="ft14">This sets up a diffusion gradient and the hydrogen ions diffuse back into the cells</span></div>
<div class="p223 ft1">
<span class="ft7">3.</span><span class="ft14">This is done through co transporter proteins which enable hydrogen ions to bring sucrose back into the cell with them</span></div>
<div class="p224 ft1">
<span class="ft7">4.</span><span class="ft14">As the concentration of sucrose molecules builds up, they diffuse into the sieve tube elements through the plasmodesmata</span></div>
<div class="p225 ft1">
<span class="ft7">5.</span><span class="ft14">The entrance of sucrose into the sieve tube elements reduces the water potential.</span></div>
<div class="p226 ft1">
<span class="ft7">6.</span><span class="ft14">Water follows by osmosis and increases the hydrostatic pressure in the sieve tube element</span></div>
<div class="p227 ft1">
<span class="ft7">7.</span><span class="ft14">Water
moves down the sieve tube element from higher hydrostatic pressure at
the source, to lower hydrostatic pressure at the sink.</span></div>
<div class="p228 ft1">
<span class="ft7">8.</span><span class="ft14">Sucrose moves, via either diffusion or active transport, from the sieve tubes to the surrounding cells.</span></div>
<div class="p228 ft1">
<span class="ft7">9.</span><span class="ft14">This increases the water potential in the sieve tube element, so water molecules move into the surrounding cells by osmosis</span></div>
<div class="p222 ft1">
<span class="ft7">10.</span><span class="ft15">This reduces the hydrostatic pressure at the sink</span></div>
<div class="p74 ft1">
The evidence for and against this mechanism</div>
<div class="p229 ft1">
For</div>
<div class="p79 ft1">
We know that the phloem is used</div>
<div class="p230 ft1">
Supply the plant with radioactively labelled Carbon Dioxide (for photosynthesis), and the labelled CO<span class="ft54">2 </span>soon appears in the phloem</div>
<div class="p231 ft1">
Ringing a tree to remove the phloem results in
sugars collecting above the ring An aphid feeding on a plant stem can be
used to show that the mouthparts are taking food from the phloem</div>
<div class="p175 ft1">
We know that it needs ATP</div>
<div class="p178 ft1">
Many mitochondria in the companion cells</div>
<div class="p232 ft1">
Translocation can be stopped by using a metabolic poison that inhibits the formation of ATP</div>
<div class="p233 ft1">
The rate of flow of sugars is too fast for it to be done by diffusion alone, so energy must be needed to drive the flow</div>
<div class="p79 ft26">
We know that it uses this mechanism</div>
<div class="p234 ft1">
The pH of the companion cells is higher than that of the surrounding cells (H<span class="ft37">+ </span>ions actively pumped out)</div>
<div class="p235 ft1">
The concentration of sucrose is higher in the source than in the sink</div>
<div class="p75 ft1">
Against</div>
<div class="p79 ft1">
Not all solutes in the phloem sap move at the same rate</div>
<div class="p236 ft1">
Sucrose is moves to all parts of the plant at the same rate, rather than more quickly to areas with a low concentration</div>
<div class="p175 ft1">
The role of sieve plates is unclear.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8159845605092018661.post-6394282428648031132014-01-08T10:03:00.003-08:002014-01-08T10:03:47.452-08:00Crime and Deviance<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">New
Criminology</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This theory
criticised many existing theories of crime. Taylor Walton and Young accept some
key assumptions of Marxism but adopt a more liberal and tolerant view,
influenced by labeling theory. The criminologists must consider the following
aspects of deviance:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The way in which wealth and
power are distributed.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The circumstances surrounding
the decision of an individual to commit an act of deviance.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The meaning of the deviant act
for the person involved was the individual ‘kicking back” at society
through an act of vandalism, for instance.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The way in which other members
of society, such as the police respond to the deviant act.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The reaction needs to be
examined in terms of the way in which society is organised, who has the
power to make rules and decide how deviant acts should be dealt with.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The impact of the deviant
label.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Finally, criminologists need to
look at the relationship between all these different aspects so that they
can be fused into 1 complete theory of deviance.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gender and
Crime</span></i></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Women tend to commit fewer
crimes than men.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Most crimes committed by women
tend to be of a comparatively trivial nature.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sociology and criminology tend
to be dominated by men.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Traditional criminology is
motivated by a desire to control problem behaviour. As women’s behaviour
is less of a problem than men’s it has received less attention.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Official
statistics indicate that women in all age groups appear to commit far less
crime than men.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<i>
</i><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Youth and
Crime</span></i></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cohen – working class boys form
deviant subculture and commit delinquent acts</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Paul Willis – the young boys do
not want educational status, they are working in factories</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Labeling
Theory</span></i></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">argues that powerful groups
shape societal reaction by making the rules for powerless groups such as the
young and labeling young people via policing or media moral panics.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">studies of policing in both Britain and USA suggest young people
specially young blacks are negatively labeled as either suspicious or
criminal in everyday policing which results in over proportionate stops
and arrest.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Matza argues that most people
subscribe to deviant values but working class youth is more likely to be
negatively labeled than others for the same behaviour.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">labeling theory suggests that
once labeled, the deviant status becomes a master status that may have
negative consequences in terms of prejudice and discrimination of
self-fulfilling prophecies for young people.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Youth subcultures confer
normality and status on those labeled by society, and membership may
compensate for negative societal reaction.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Marxist
theory</span></i></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Taylor, Walter and Young
suggest that working class youth choose to commit crime because of their
experience in the injustice of capitalism of inequality in wealth and
power.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gilroy</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> argues that black street crime reflects
young black people’s anger at the way that white society has historically
treated black people via slavery and colonialism and is a rational
political response to everyday prejudice and discrimination specially
police harassment. </span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Feminists’
perspective</span></i></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The crisis of masculinity Mac
and Ghaill suggest that as the workforce becomes more feminised and job
opportunities for young men decline, young males may be experiencing a
crisis of masculinity.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">it is argued that this crisis
may be resolved for some young men by joining anti-school subcultures and
being involved in violence and crime in wider society because this type of
behaviour may be an alternative form of asserting traditional masculinity.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There is
some concern that violent crimes committed by young working class women are
rising.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Studies of
girl gangs in the USA
by Campbell and Nicole note that violence, drug, robbery and possession of
dangerous weapons are common activity carried out by young women.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Young women
joined gangs to compensate for low status in the families and communities and
as an alternative to taking on low skilled, tedious, low-paid jobs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">However,
such gangs contain elements of traditional patriarchal culture because members
of female gangs were girlfriends of male gang members and when they became
pregnant they moved uncomplainingly into traditional mother roles.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nicole
suggests girl gangs are increasing in the UK,
although she says they seem less organised and violent than those in the USA.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
khush jiraiyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12944771348188842311noreply@blogger.com0